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Abstract
Objectives The aims of this pilot study were to investigate oxygen uptake (V̇O2) while playing a cycling exergame to assess exercise intensity to determine its potential as a feasible exercise alternative to improve aerobic fitness, and to assess the validity of using heart rate (HR) to estimate V̇O2 in exergaming.
Methods Five males (age: 32±8; peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak): 47.9±7.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) and five females (age: 27±3; V̇O2peak: 33.9±4.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) played the cycling exergame ‘Pedal Tanks’ for 45 min, with measurements of HR and V̇O2.
Results Average and peak V̇O2 during exergaming were 61.7±10.1% and 78.3±11.7% of V̇O2peak, respectively, whereas average and peak HR were 80.0±9.4% and 91.5%±6.7% of HRpeak. There was a strong positive correlation between V̇O2 and HR for all participants (p<0.05) although estimated V̇O2 from HR was 9% higher than that measured during exergaming.
Conclusion Our preliminary data suggest that the cycling exergame we investigated can elicit moderate-to-vigorous intensities and may therefore be a viable alternative to conventional aerobic exercise. The exercise intensity during exergaming was overestimated when using HR alone.
- aerobic fitness
- exercise
- cycling
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What are the new findings
Oxygen uptake whilst playing a biking exergame can be classified as moderate to vigorous.
Exercise intensity during exergaming was unaffected by aerobic fitness.
Relying solely on heart rate will overestimate exercise intensity in exergaming.
The cycling exergame we tested can be a viable alternative to traditional endurance exercise.
Introduction
There is abundant evidence for the health benefits of regular physical activity1 2 and cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of health and longevity.3 Still, only one out of three Norwegian adults fulfil current guidelines for physical activity for health benefits (>150 min of moderate intensity/week or 75 min of vigorous intensity/week).4 5 Two of the most frequently reported reasons for not being sufficiently physically active are a lack of time and a lack of enjoyment/motivation.6 7 Cardiorespiratory fitness is more strongly associated with health than physical activity3; therefore interventions aiming to improve health outcomes should focus on improving maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Vigorous intensity exercise, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has been found to be more effective in improving health and V̇O2max than both low/moderate-intensity exercise.8 9
Exergaming, which is the play of videogames that require physical exertion, is an enjoyable alternative to traditional exercise.10 11 To our knowledge, there is no data on the prevalence of exergaming, but about one third of the Norwegian population play some form of digital game each day.12 Since we know that children and adolescents who play exergames are more likely to also play regular videogames,13 there should be a great potential for introducing exergames also in the adult population. However, many commercially available exergames simulate traditional exercise which may not be motivating for people who do not already enjoy exercise.14 In addition, studies on different exergames indicate that they at most elicit moderate exercise intensities,11 15–17 which can limit their potential as a viable alternative to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Furthermore, many of the studies investigating exercise intensity during exergaming have been limited by only using heart rate (HR) as measure of intensity, which can be disproportionately higher than oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during exergaming.17 18 Therefore, we suggest that HR measurements should be supplemented with assessment of V̇O2 to more accurately report exercise intensity in exergaming. Currently, data demonstrating moderate-to-vigorous intensities in exergaming have been limited either by relying on HR to assess exercise intensity and/or by simulating traditional exercise.18–20 It is important to establish enjoyable, yet effective, ways of exercising for individuals who are not motivated by traditional exercise training.
The aims of this pilot study were therefore to assess exercise intensity, measured as V̇O2 while playing a cycling exergame, and to investigate associations between peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and attained exercise intensity during exergaming. Our hypothesis was that exercise intensity would be classified as vigorous (>64% of V̇O2peak) in periods during the game and that relative exercise intensity would be negatively correlated with the individuals’ V̇O2peak. In addition, we hypothesised that HR measurements would overestimate exercise intensity in exergaming.
Methods
Participants
Ten healthy men and women volunteered and took part in this study (characteristics in table 1). Subjects were recruited via word-of-mouth and to be included they had to be 18 years or more and able to ride a bike for minimum 45 min. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We submitted the study protocol to the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK-midt 2017/506) who evaluated that the study would not need an ethical approval from them. Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of this research.
Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the participants (means±SD)
Experimental design
All participants completed two testing sessions on separate, non-consecutive days, 1 day of baseline testing and 1 day with an exergaming session. The baseline testing consisted of an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer to determine V̇O2peak and an exergaming familiarisation session. On the second day of testing, the participants played the exergame ‘PedalTanks’ for 45 min.
Pedal Tanks exergame
Pedal Tanks is a recently developed online multiplayer that capture the flag arena game played on a regular stationary bike. Each player control a tank by using the pedals and six buttons on the handlebar of the bike. The game is played with four players, in teams of two, where the aim of the game is to capture the opponent’s flag and bring it back to your own base. Movement in the game is encouraged through the aim, with an increased cycling cadence generating increased velocity of the tank and regeneration of ammunition (figure 1). Each game consists of a preselected number of rounds that end once one team manages to capture the flag and bring it home to their base or when the timer runs out, followed by a short break.21
Experimental set-up of exergaming with the cycling exergame.
Measurements
Participants performed an incremental exercise test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Lode). The test began with a 10-min warm-up with a self-selected cadence before we increased work rate by 10–30 W·min−1, depending on the assumed fitness level of the participant, in order to reach volitional exhaustion in 8–12 min. Criteria for attainment of V̇O2peak were a levelling off in O2-uptake, respiratory exchange ratio >1.10 and/or volitional exhaustion.22 We reported V̇O2peak as the mean of the three highest 10 s values during the test and HRpeak as the highest 5 s HR measurement. Due to technical difficulties we were not able to obtain HRpeak for one participant and for this person we estimated HRmax using the formula 211–0.64 × age.23
Participants wore HR monitors (Polar H10 sensors) during the entire exergaming session. To minimise discomfort for the participants, we only measured V̇O2 during the last 20 min of exergaming and reported the average and peak V̇O2 as percentages of V̇O2peak. HR for the last 20 min of exergaming is reported as percentage of HRpeak. For both HR and V̇O2, exercise intensity was classified as ‘Very light’ (<37% V̇O2peak/<57% HRpeak), ‘Light (37%–45% V̇O2peak/57%–63% HRpeak), Moderate (46%–63% V̇̇O2peak/64%–76% HRpeak), ‘Vigorous’ (64%–90% V̇̇O2peak/77%–95% HRpeak) and ‘Near-maximal to maximal’ (≥91% V̇O2peak/≥96%HRpeak).24
For both the incremental exercise test and the exergaming session, we continuously measured and recorded ventilatory variables with a Metamax portable system (Metamax I; Cortex) or a MetaLyzer 3B system (Cortex) (the same system was used for both test sessions for each participant). We calibrated against ambient air and commercial gas with known concentrations of O2 (15.00%) and CO2 (5.00%) before each test session. O2 and CO2 concentrations of room air were measured and the flow transducer was calibrated using a 3 L high-precision calibration syringe.
Statistical analysis
We did not perform a sample size calculation due to the pilot nature of the study. We calculated mean and SD for all variables. We analysed the association between HR and V̇O2 during exergaming using linear regression after inspection of homoscedasticity and normality of the residuals. To determine whether using HR overestimated exercise intensity we calculated estimated relative peak and average V̇O2 from relative HR for all participants using the formula %V̇O2peak=1.369−(%HRpeak−40.99).25 We compared the estimated and measured values using paired samples t-tests. In addition, we assessed level of agreement between estimated and measured V̇O2 using The Bland-Altman plot.26 To investigate the correlation between V̇O2 peak and attained exercise intensity during exergaming we used Pearson’s product-moment correlation. All analyses were performed using SPSS V.25.0 programme for Windows and GraphPad Prism V.8.0 with level of significance set at p<0.05.
Results
Average V̇O2 during exergaming was 25.0±5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, corresponding to 61.7±10.1% of V̇O2peak, whereas peak V̇O2 during exergaming was 31.7±7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, corresponding to 78.3±11.7% of V̇O2peak (figure 2). Average HR attained during exergaming was 145±20 beats·min-1, equivalent to 80.0±9.4% of HRpeak, whereas maximum HR during exergaming was 169±15 beats·min-1, equivalent to 91.5±6.7% of HRpeak (figure 2). During the 20 min of data collection during exergaming, V̇O2 was equivalent to very light intensity for 0.4±1 min, light intensity for 2.7±4.0 min, moderate intensity for 7.5±3.7 min, vigorous intensity for 8.9±5.3 min and with near-maximal to maximal intensity for 0.3±0.9 min (figure 3). For HR, the corresponding values were 0.9±1.7 min at light intensity, 7.4±6.8 min at moderate intensity, 10.6±7.1 min at vigorous intensity and 0.9±2.0 min at near-maximal to maximal intensity (figure 3). Figure 4 shows a representative HR and V̇O2 curve for one of the participants during exergaming.
Exercise intensity during exergaming. Heart rate, measured V̇O2 and estimated V̇O2 (using the formula: %V̇O2peak=1.369−(%HRpeak−40.99). Intensity expressed as a percentage of heart rate peak (HRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). *=Significantly different from measured (p<0.05).
Time in different intensity zones during exergaming. Time in the different intensity zones during the last 20 min of playing the exergame Pedal Tanks. Intensity expressed as a percentage of heart rate peak (HRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). Intensity zones categorised into very light (<37% V̇O2peak/<57% HRpeak), light (37%–45% V̇O2peak/57%–63% HRpeak), moderate (46%–63% V̇O2peak/64%–76% HRpeak), ‘vigorous’ (64%–90% V̇O2peak/77%–95% HRpeak) and ‘Near-maximal to maximal’ (≥91% V̇O2peak/≥96%HRpeak). Data are displayed as means±SD.
Example of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) curve for a representative participant during exergaming. Intensity expressed as a percentage of heart rate peak (HRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). Intensity zones categorised into ‘very light’ (<37% V̇O2peak/<57% HRpeak), ‘light’ (37%–45% V̇O2peak/57%–63% HRpeak), ‘moderate’ (46%–63% V̇O2peak/64%–76% HRpeak), ‘vigorous’ (64%–90% V̇O2peak/77%–95% HRpeak) and ‘Near-maximal to maximal’ (≥91% V̇O2peak/≥96%HRpeak).
HR–VO2 relationship
A linear regression established that HR could significantly predict V̇O2 (p<0.05 for all participants) and accounted for 74.1% of the variance in V̇O2 (range: 0.46–0.90 R2). When estimated from HR, both average and peak V̇O2 were significantly higher than measured values during exergaming (both p<0.05) (figure 2). The Bland and Altman plot of measured versus estimated V̇O2 revealed that although all differences were within the 95% limits of agreement for both average and peak V̇O2, the mean difference was about −9% for estimated versus measured V̇O2. The Bland and Altman plot also revealed individual differences of −15.4% and −20.1% for peak and average, respectively (figure 5).
Bland and Altman plot of difference between measured and estimated peak (left plot) and average (right plot) oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during exergaming. Intensity expressed as a percentage of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). Measured peak oxygen uptake during exergaming (measV̇O2peakEXG), estimated peak oxygen uptake during exergaming (estV̇O2peakEXG), mean of measured and estimated peak oxygen uptake (mean V̇O2peakEXG), measured average oxygen uptake during exergaming (measV̇O2avgEXG), estimated average oxygen uptake during exergaming (estV̇O2avgEXG) and mean of measured and estimated average oxygen uptake (mean V̇O2avgEXG).
Correlation between individuals’ V̇O2peak and exercise intensity
There was no significant correlation between V̇O2peak measured during the incremental exercise test and peak (r=−0.279, p=0.44) or average (r=−0.275, p=0.443) relative exercise intensity during exergaming.
Discussion
The main findings of this pilot study were: (1) the average and peak V̇O2 during the exergaming session were with moderate and vigorous intensity, respectively, (2) both average and peak HR were classified as vigorous intensity and (3) although HR variance could significantly explain a large portion of the variation in V̇O2 during the exergaming session, HR overestimated exercise intensity. Taken together, our results indicate that exergaming can be a viable exercise alternative, not only as a means to increase physical activity levels but also as an efficient strategy to improve V̇O2peak.
Exercise intensity
This is the first study to investigate V̇O2 while playing the exergame Pedal Tanks. Our findings show that this particular exergame can elicit moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensities. This is in contrast to most previous studies on exercise intensity during exergaming, where light-to-moderate exercise intensities have been reported,15–17 which is inferior to isoenergetic vigorous intensity exercise for improving health and fitness.8 9 However, some previous studies have demonstrated moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensities during exergaming.17 18 27 28 These studies contain some methodological differences, compared with our study, that should be highlighted. Although Viana et al18 showed that exergaming could elicit V̇O2 classified as vigorous exercise intensity, the average intensity would be categorised as low. In addition, the exergame utilised in their study was a type that simulates regular exercise, which may have a limited reach for individuals who are typically not motivated by traditional training.14 Bailey and McInnis28 assessed several exergames and found that they all elicited moderate-to-vigorous intensities. However, V̇O2 while exergaming was converted to metabolic equivalent task values by dividing by 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, failing to take into account individual differences in V̇O2peak and therefore individual differences in relative exercise intensity.24 Finally, in their assessment of intensity for several exergames, Wu et al27 found one exergame where the average relative intensity was very similar to that in our study (58% vs 62% of V̇O2peak). However, intensity was only assessed and averaged over 3 min versus 20 min in our study, which could indicate a lower intensity over longer duration. In a recent study, Farrow et al29 investigated the effects of virtual reality exergaming during HIIT, consisting of eight 60 s intervals at >70% of maximum power output with 60 s recovery in-between. They found that exergaming improved the power output that participants exercised at during HIIT and found average HR to be around 88%–90% of HRmax for the 60 s intervals. However, compared with our study where both torque and cadence are self-selected, in that study torque was selected by the researchers and participants were encouraged to work at a minimum of 70% of their maximum power output. We are not aware of any previous studies on exergaming that have investigated time spent in different intensity zones. Our novel findings, where almost half of the exergaming session was spent at or above vigorous exercise intensity, are comparable to exercise intensity during recreational 5-a-side soccer.30 The measured intensity for exergame in this study is well within the The American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) recommendations for developing cardiorespiratory fitness.24Based on our initial results, playing this cycling exergame three times per week for 40 min per session should be more than sufficient to accumulate ACSM's recommended levels of activity.
Correlation between VO2peak and exercise intensity
We hypothesised that those with highest V̇O2peak would achieve the lowest relative exercise intensities. However, our findings show no significant negative correlation between V̇O2peak and exercise intensity in this study. This finding indicate that irrespective of aerobic fitness, the exergame enables participants with a V̇O2peak lower or the same as the normal population (27.4–55.1 mL·kg−1·min−1),31 to exercise at an intensity that can improve cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings are in line with an earlier study in recreational 5-a-side soccer where there was no correlation between V̇O2peak and relative exercise intensity.30 In contrast, two studies in small-play football and 4-a-side handball reported a ceiling effect, where the players with the highest V̇O2peak attained the lowest relative exercise intensities.32 33 One reason for the differences between these studies could be that our participants had lower average V̇O2peak levels (40.9 mL·kg−1·min−1) compared with those in the studies by Hoff et al33 and Buchheit et al32 (67.8 and 57.3 mL·kg−1·min−1, respectively). Another possible explanation for the lack of significant correlation between V̇O2peak and attained exercise intensity during exergaming in this study is the low sample size and relatively heterogeneous fitness level among the participants. In future studies of exercise intensity during exergaming, individuals with higher aerobic capacities than the normal population should be included, although the critical target group for exergaming is those not already involved in traditional endurance training.14
HR–VO2 relationship
Although previous studies have suggested that there is a discrepancy between HR and V̇O2(17, 18) during exergaming, this is the first study to actually assess the association between HR and V̇O2. Our findings that HR variance could explain ~75% of the variation in V̇O2peak are similar to reports on other forms of intermittent exercise.30 32 Furthermore, our results show large individual variation in how much of the HR variance can explain the variation in V̇O2. In addition, comparisons between estimated and measured V̇O2 show that HR overestimate V̇O2 when playing the exergame Pedal Tanks, which most likely is due to the intermittent nature of the game.21 33 Our results suggest that HR measurements are sufficient to monitor exercise intensity during exergaming on a group level, although it should be complemented with V̇O2 to fully capture individual differences and not overestimate aerobic involvement.
Limitations
This study is not without limitations. With only 10 participants, inter-individual differences may have affected our findings. Such a low sample size may have compromised our study’s power to detect the full range of intensity the cycling exergame can elicit. Using a cycling test to measure V̇O2peak could be considered as a limitation to our study, as cycling tests tend to produce lower values than tests performed on a treadmill.34 This means that the relative exercise intensity could be overestimated in our study. We only measured each participants’ V̇O2 during a single exergaming session and cannot rule out that the intensity during exergaming can change over time. However, we have previously shown that HR is not changed over three sessions playing this cycling exergame.20 We only assessed acute responses and future studies should assess the long-term effectiveness of exergaming to improve V̇O2peak. Although average and peak intensity were moderate and vigorous, respectively, some individuals did not reach those exercise intensities. We therefore suggest that game developers involve heart-rate power-ups, which will reward players during the game whenever they reach a certain specified heart rate target zone.35 We believe this will further ensure high exercise intensities while playing, without compromising enjoyment.
Conclusions
The cycling exergame we tested elicits vigorous intensities for both HR and V̇O2, irrespective of the individuals’ aerobic capacity. Exergaming may therefore be a feasible alternative to traditional endurance training. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that using HR to assess exercise intensity during exergaming is valid but that aerobic involvement may be overestimated. Larger studies on diverse samples of adults are required to confirm and expand on our results.
Acknowledgments
The testing was undertaken at the NeXt Move Core Facility, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). NeXt Move is funded by the Faculty of Medicine and Health at NTNU and Central Norway Regional Health Authority.
References
Footnotes
Twitter @trinemoholdt
Contributors JB and TM was involved in the study design and analysed the data. JB collected the data. Both authors interpreted the results, contributed to the drafting and revised the manuscript.
Funding The study was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), grant number 17/38297, and The Norwegian Fund for Post-Graduate Training in Physiotherapy, grant number 97 832.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The Norwegian Centre for Research data has approved the study protocol (reference number 53557).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request. All data from the study are available on request.