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Original research
Is competitive body-building pathological? Survey of 984 male strength trainers

Authors

  • Ian Steele Consultation-Liason Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Harrison Pope Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USABiological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Eric J Ip Clinical Sciences/College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mitchell J Barnett Clinical Sciences/College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USAIowa Board of Pharmacy, Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines, Iowa, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Gen Kanayama Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USABiological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  1. Correspondence to Dr Harrison Pope; hpope{at}mclean.harvard.edu
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Citation

Steele I, Pope H, Ip EJ, et al
Is competitive body-building pathological? Survey of 984 male strength trainers
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2020;6:e000708. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000708

Publication history

  • Accepted April 21, 2020
  • First published May 10, 2020.
Online issue publication 
March 27, 2024

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Copyright information

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.