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Abstract
Objective The UK Government Physical Activity Recommendations suggest that adults should aim for 150 min of physical activity each week to maintain health. We assessed the total volume, frequency, intensity and type of exercise taken by hospital doctors in association with their specialty, age and knowledge of the specific components of the recommendations.
Methods An anonymous paper-based questionnaire was distributed to doctors working in the two largest teaching hospitals in Glasgow. 332 questionnaires were analysed with a response rate of 60.3%.
Results 239 (72%) doctors felt they exercised regularly with 212 (63.9%) meeting the recommended volume of cardiovascular activity, similar to an age and sex-matched cohort of the general Scottish population. Only 78 (23.5%) doctors achieved the recommended muscle-strengthening activities. 108 (35.5%) doctors were aware recommendations for activity existed but only 45 (13.6%) were able to state the recommended duration of activity per week. Doctors who were aware of the recommendations were more likely to personally achieve them (OR 1.802, 95% CI 1.104 to 2.941) although other additional factors may contribute.
Conclusion Although this was a small study in two hospitals, our results suggest that hospital doctors are as active as the general public in the UK of a similar age. Eight years after implementation, knowledge of specific components of the current physical activity recommendations remains poor. Efforts to improve this prior to graduation, combined with improving confidence and competence in counselling practices and enhancing the opportunities for doctors to exercise, could translate into improved healthcare promotion.
- exercise
- health promotion
- physical activity
- physician
- questionnaire
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Background
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide and one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable disease.1–3 Globally, 42.3% of adults in high-income countries are deemed to be physically inactive.3 In the UK, the benefits of participating in physical activity are clear as this ‘therapy’ has been included in at least 76 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines.4 Data from the Scottish Government published in 2011 showed that 32% women and 43% men aged 19 years and over achieved enough physical activity to yield health benefits.5 This had improved by 2015 to 63% of Scottish adults meeting the target.6
The WHO Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health were accepted by the UK Chief Medical Officers in 2011.1 5 These state that adults aged 19–64 years should aim to be active daily, taking part in at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 75 min of vigorous intensity, or a combination of the two, with additional muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days per week. Despite these recommendations, 1 in 4 adults worldwide still do not meet the criteria,7 with muscle-strengthening activities falling far behind cardiovascular (CVS) exercise8 despite the well-documented health benefits.9
Doctors’ participation in health promotion
Doctors are ideally placed to counsel the general public on various aspects of health promotion. There is a well-demonstrated positive link between both doctors’10–16 and medical students’17–19 personal and clinical practices, including around exercise. Despite clinicians who personally exercise being more likely to counsel their patients to do the same, doctors’ knowledge of the relevant UK recommendations has been reported in several studies to be as low as 7%–27%.20 21 This knowledge gap has implications for dissemination of accurate advice to the public, irrespective of counselling practice.
Physical activity of doctors
The physical activity of doctors, both at work22–25 and during leisure time, in the UK15 26–30 and worldwide14 31–40 has been assessed. Most of this work focused predominantly on the total volume of activity without specifically assessing frequency, intensity, type of exercise and muscle-strengthening activities.
One systematic review demonstrated a 45%–90% compliance with leisure-time physical activity recommendations in medical staff14 while other studies indicated that between 43% and 46% of hospital doctors25 and general practitioners22 24 did not take part in enough activity to meet the recommendations.
While there is significant previous work focusing both on the relationship between doctors’ own physical activity and their counselling practice10–12 17 and the association between doctors’ knowledge of physical activity recommendations and counselling practice,21 as far as we are aware, only one previous study from India has assessed any association between knowledge of recommendations and a doctor’s own personal exercise habits.36
Objective
This questionnaire study had three aims. First, to document in detail the physical activity taken by hospital doctors including the type, frequency, duration and intensity of exercise and compare this with the general adult UK population aged 19–64 years. Second, to assess specific knowledge of the separate components of the UK Government Physical Activity Recommendations with the proportion of doctors able to personally attain these. Finally, we assessed any correlation between specific exercise patterns and specialty, time since graduation and knowledge of the recommendations.
Methods
The West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee confirmed that no ethical approval was required for this anonymous staff survey. The questionnaire was piloted by 10 individuals not participating in the study. A data collector was recruited from as many individual departments as possible in Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital—the two largest teaching hospitals in the city of Glasgow.
Data collection
Data were collected between October 2017 and May 2018. Following verbal consent, all doctors of specialty trainee 3 level and above, who were committed to their specialty, were given an envelope containing a questionnaire. The importance of non-exercisers also participating was emphasised by each data collector. Doctors were asked to complete questions regarding their own leisure-time physical activity by considering an average week of exercise. Standardised descriptive terms for subjective effort levels (low, moderate and vigorous intensity) used in the questionnaire were the same as those described in the recommendations.5 Free-text responses were used for questions assessing knowledge of the UK Physical Activity Recommendations.
The completed questionnaire was returned in an anonymised envelope to the study team via the data collectors. Each data collector also reported the total number of possible participants in their specialty to allow calculation of response rate. All data were recorded anonymously on an Excel spreadsheet prior to analysis.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using R V.3.5.1. Summary statistics were calculated using Pearson’s χ2 testing for categorical analysis with Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis testing for non-parametric continuous data. Multivariable regression modelling was carried out to adjust for the main confounding effects. Logistic regression modelling was used for binomial outcomes with Poisson regression for simple count data and vectorised Poisson regression for multivariate count data. A vector generalised linear model with Poisson errors and the standard log function was chosen when analysing duration of low, moderate and vigorous-intensity exercise due to an intercorrelation between the three models. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Twenty-seven departments were included in analysis, giving a total of 368 respondents with an overall response rate of 60.3%. Individual specialty response rates were 53.5% for anaesthetists, 73.3% for emergency medicine (emergency department, ED), 84.2% for laboratory specialties, 61.2% for medical specialties and 64.2% for surgical specialties. After exclusion of 36 questionnaires due to unanswered questions precluding evaluation, 332 responses were analysed.
Regular exercise habits
Table 1 shows the personal characteristics of all participants including the duration, frequency and intensity of both CVS and strength exercise during an average week. Seventy-two per cent of all participants felt that they exercised regularly, with walking, followed by running and cycling, the most popular activities.
Participant characteristics (n=332) including duration, frequency and intensity of cardiovascular (CVS) and strength exercise, specific sports, use of any electronic equipment and participation in organised or competitive activities. Doctors taking part in more than one type of exercise or using more than one form of equipment were included in all relevant subgroups
Following multivariable regression analysis, there was no difference in the total number of hours of CVS activity between anaesthetists, surgeons and ED doctors. Compared with anaesthetists, medical specialties performed 21.8% (95% CI 0.074 to 0.363) and laboratory specialists 29.2% (95% CI 0.121 to 0.463) more CVS exercise per week.
Considering intensity of activity, ED doctors completed 69% (p<0.0001) more vigorous-intensity exercise when compared with anaesthetists. Doctors who knew that physical activity recommendations existed performed 21% (p=0.031) less low-intensity activity than those who did not. Older doctors carried out 3.8% (p<0.0001) more low-intensity exercise than younger doctors. No other correlations proved significant.
Personal achievement of physical activity recommendations
Of all participants (n=332), 95 (28.6%) attained the recommended duration and intensity of CVS guidelines over the recommended frequency which was taken as at least 5 days/week. This increased to 212 (63.9%) when frequency was not considered, to allow comparison with previous studies assessing only duration. Only 78 (23.5%) participants achieved the recommended strength guidelines of 2 days/week. Combining both CVS and strength guidelines, 34 (10.2%) achieved these over more than 5 days/week with 63 (19%) managing to achieve them over less than 5 days/week.
Factors influencing attainment of recommendations
Table 2 shows the difference in characteristics between those participants who did and did not personally achieve the recommendations. Participants who took part in organised or competitive physical activity were more likely to achieve both the CVS and strength recommendations.
Comparison of participants who attained cardiovascular (CVS) (n=95) and both CVS and strength (n=34) recommendations compared with those who did not
Those participants who claimed to be aware of the recommendations were more likely to achieve both the recommended CVS and combined CVS and strength guidelines with ORs after multivariable regression of 1.802 (95% CI 1.104 to 2.941) and 2.546 (95% CI 1.241 to 5.224) respectively.
Awareness and knowledge of physical activity recommendations
Table 3 shows the familiarity with all components of the current UK Physical Activity Recommendations in those who claimed to be aware of them (n=118). Duration, frequency and intensity of CVS activity are presented individually. From a strength perspective, a frequency of 2 days/week was taken as being a correct response.
Knowledge of UK Government Physical Activity Recommendations in the subgroup claiming to be aware that guidelines exist (n=118)
Two hundred and fourteen (64.5%) participants were not aware of any recommendations and their knowledge was not assessed further. Of those who knew that recommendations existed, 38.1% correctly responded with the total duration per week. CVS recommendations were overestimated by 8.5% and underestimated by 24.6%. Only 6.8% commented on any form of muscular-strengthening exercise.
Discussion
Physical activity participation
Our results show that 63.9% of hospital doctors achieved the recommended 150 min of moderate to vigorous-intensity activity per week, a little better than a previous cohort of UK healthcare professionals showing that nearly 50% were not active enough.25 Data from Audit Scotland show that 50% of Scottish hospital doctors are female.41 Our results correspond with 65% of an age and sex-matched population of Scottish adults in 2016 achieving the recommendations.2 There may however be other differences between doctors and the general population such as social class, ethnicity, alcohol history and deprivation category.
Comparing participation in specific sports, our cohort chose more cycling (36.1% vs 11%) and running (37.3% vs 13%) but less walking (41.9% vs 67%) than the general Scottish population aged 19–64 years, although walking remained the most popular activity among doctors.5 Like many adults, this might be explained by the fact that these are time-efficient activities, which can be carried out from the doorstep at any time, require no particular forward planning and can also be linked into a commute.
ED doctors participated in more vigorous-intensity exercise than any other specialty. ED is a fast-paced and highly stimulating specialty and it may be that doctors who choose to work in this way also execute their extracurricular activities in the same manner. We also found that with increasing age, there was a small increase in total activity but with a greater proportion of this being low intensity. This increased activity may be achievable due to a decrease in other commitments with age, such as examinations, night shifts or childcare, but may also be explained by a greater appreciation of the importance of activity in remaining healthy. Due to the small sample size of this study, these hypotheses should be interpreted with caution and require further larger scale study.
While 63.9% of participants achieved the recommended duration of CVS exercise per week, this decreased to only 28.6% if the recommended frequency of ‘most days’ was also considered. It is difficult to extrapolate this to other groups as most previous studies assessed only volume of exercise, with less emphasis on frequency although the Scottish Household Survey found that the mean number of days in a 4-week period that Scottish adults took part in sport and exercise was 5.6, with participation in brisk walking over a mean of 8.6 days.2
Possibly, long shifts in some specialties may produce a greater challenge for doctors to exercise on most days of the week. The median of 3 days/week taken by our cohort suggests that doctors may exercise in a ‘weekend-warrior’ style. This pattern of attaining more than 150 min of activity throughout the week, acquired over sometimes as little as 1–2 days, can still result in significant health benefits,42 although some of the acute metabolic and physiological responses to exercise, lasting up to 24 hours, continue to support the recommendation that daily activity may be superior.5 43 As with all other groups studied, participation in muscle-strengthening activities was low in doctors at 23.5%.8
Knowledge of physical activity recommendations
Despite the current UK physical activity recommendations not changing since 2011, a 64.5% of participants were not aware that they existed. Of those who were aware, only 38.1% were able to state the correct duration of CVS activity per week with even less being familiar with the intensity, frequency and muscle strengthening recommendations. This corresponds to only 13.6% of the total participants identifying that 150 min of activity is required each week to achieve health benefits. This is disappointingly no better than a cohort of 1724 UK adults where 18% answered the same question correctly.44
The lack of time granted to teaching physical activity in the UK medical undergraduate curriculum, with the resultant lack of knowledge of medical students, has been well documented.4 45–47 Following a concerted effort, all Scottish medical schools have included this teaching in their curriculum since 20156 and a free online learning resource is now available to all UK medical schools.48
Although our study cohort was small, it is clear that hospital doctors’ knowledge of the physical activity recommendations is poor. Previous studies suggest that primary care practitioners may, however, fare slightly better.16 18 23
Simply having the correct knowledge of the dose of activity recommended for health benefits is not enough to translate into improved health promotion for the population. In addition, doctors must be confident and have developed competence in counselling practices which begins at medical school.16 Third, as discussed in the introduction, medical students and doctors who are physically active themselves are much more likely to counsel their patients.
Our results suggest that in-depth knowledge of the specific components of the physical activity recommendations may not significantly influence personal exercise habits, although this finding probably cannot be extrapolated to other population groups. Purely being aware that recommendations exist, rather than knowing the specific content of them, was associated with a doctor attaining the recommended activity level. The converse of this may however be true, in that those individuals who take part in more physical activity are more interested in sport and therefore may be more likely to be aware of the recommendations. Either way, despite the fact that any increase in baseline physical activity, even to that below the current recommendations, does have some health benefits,42 43 49 50 it is difficult to dispute that doctors of all specialties, not just primary care, should be aware of the current recommendations and counsel their patients appropriately.44 51
Strengths and weaknesses
We aimed to attain a higher response rate than traditional online questionnaires by using face-to-face invitations by data collectors working in each department. This provided a response rate of 60.3%, better than several previous studies. While we were unable to assess demographic data for the non-responders and therefore cannot be certain, we hope that this method may have included more doctors who do not routinely exercise. Unlike previous studies, we assessed doctors’ knowledge of the physical activity recommendations in detail, breaking down total volume, and frequency, intensity and type of exercise. We also assessed the personal physical activity of participants with their knowledge of the recommendations. As far as we are aware, this has only been studied once before in India.
The sample size in this study was small and consisted of doctors working in two hospitals in one UK city and is therefore subject to error. We accepted a smaller sample size from that which an online invitational questionnaire may have produced, as we felt that this might result in a larger response rate. Age and sex of our cohort were not recorded as this would have eliminated the anonymity of many participants in smaller departments. We did not assess barriers to exercise or specifically enquire about active commuting to work or counselling practice. We also chose not to assess physical activity during the working day and concentrated purely on leisure-time activity as we felt that the effort levels attained while at work were likely to be low intensity, lasting less than 10 min at a time and therefore not additive to the physical activity recommendations, despite individuals feeling they remained active at work. As with all questionnaire-based assessments of activity, intensity and, to a lesser extent, duration of exercise is a subjective measure. We cannot be certain that what was documented by each participant is a true reflection of actual activity. We do however feel that this study provides some additional detail for further study in a larger cohort.
Conclusion
The physical activity habits of hospital doctors are similar or slightly better than the general Scottish public of a similar age but with participation in a greater proportion of time-efficient activities. Very few doctors were able to stay active on most days of the week and tended to exercise for longer periods of time over fewer days. This may be associated with their working patterns rather than a specific lifestyle choice but requires further work to ascertain. Focusing particularly on the workplace and providing facilities to encourage active commuting may permit physical activity opportunities to be built, more frequently, into the working day. This may in turn increase the number of doctors remaining physically active and translate into increased counselling of their patients.
Hospital doctors’ knowledge of the current physical activity recommendations remains poor. This is likely to significantly impact on their ability to correctly and confidently counsel patients. Only time will tell whether the recent changes to the undergraduate curriculum have proved successful in remedying this.
In future work we plan to assess on a much larger scale, the knowledge level, physical activity habits and barriers to physical activity in a variety of healthcare professionals—hospital doctors, general practitioners, staff nurses and physiotherapists. This could provide further data to assess if the pattern of physical activity and knowledge seen in hospital doctors is prevalent throughout other healthcare professionals. We hope this larger scale study will allow us to clarify some of the issues highlighted by our initial work.
What are the new findings?
This was the first study to assess all specific components of leisure-time physical activity in hospital doctors and compare this with their knowledge of the current UK Government Physical Activity Recommendations.
A similar proportion of doctors and the general public achieve the recommended volume of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
Doctors who were aware recommendations existed were more likely to personally achieve them.
Hospital doctors’ knowledge of the current physical activity recommendations, 8 years after implementation, remains poor.
How might it impact on clinical practice in the future?
Measures to increase doctors’ knowledge, counselling confidence and their own physical activity could translate into improved healthcare promotion for the general public.
The recent positive change to medical undergraduate teaching may significantly improve familiarity with the recommendations, but this is unlikely to be apparent for several years.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the data collectors who contributed to this study: William Adams, Oliver Bailey, Stephen Borthwick, Kubra Boza, Christopher Brown, Kati Carroll, Russell Drummond, Christina Dunn, Paul Glen, Jonny Gordon, Donald Hansom, Bruce Hay, William Henderson, Jane Hendry, Dominique Hughes, Sharon Irvine, Lynne Kerr, Gareth Lipton, Luis Loureiro-Harrison, Amanda Milligan, Megan McWade, Tahlia McKenzie, Nikole Runciman, Chase Schultz-Swarthfigure, Sarah Wedderburn.
References
Footnotes
Contributors JAC conceived the idea, designed the questionnaire, collected the data and performed data entry. MS performed data entry and analysis. JAC drafted the initial paper and MS contributed to the drafting process.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement statement No patients or members of the public were involved in development of the research question, design of the study or recruitment and conduct of the study.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee confirmed that ethical approval was not required for this anonymous staff survey.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.