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Abstract
Aim We investigated the extent and characteristics of injuries in contemporary dance students.
Methods During one academic year, 134 students of Bachelor dance and Bachelor dance teacher from Codarts University of the Arts (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) were prospectively monitored monthly, using the Performing Artist and Athlete Health Monitor which includes the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems.
Results 130 students were included in the analyses. The response rate of monthly completed questionnaires was 80%. During the academic year, 97% of students reported at least one injury, mental complaint or other health problem. The 1-year injury incidence proportion was 81%. Of these injured students, 58% were substantially injured (ie, problems leading to moderate or severe reductions in training volume or performance or complete inability to participate in activities). The monthly injury proportion (all injuries) ranged from 23% to 43% and for substantial injuries from 6% to 17%. The injury incidence rate per 1000 hours dance exposure was 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.2). Ankle/foot (30%), lower back (17%) and knee (15%) were the most common sites of injury.
Conclusion Contemporary dance students are at high risk for injuries. Injury prevention programmes among contemporary dance students should focus on the ankle/foot, lower back and knee.
- performing arts
- preprofessional
- prospective cohort study
- health complaints
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What are the new findings?
Contemporary dance students are at high risk for injuries. The 1-year injury incidence proportion (IP) was 81%, of which 58% were substantially injured. The monthly IP of all injuries ranged from 23% to 43% and for substantial injuries from 6% to 17%.
The most affected sites were the ankle/foot, lower back and knee. Injury prevention programmes in dance schools should focus on the prevention of back and lower extremity injuries .
Introduction
Contemporary dance students participate in long hours of training1 that consists of repetitive movements,2 3 pushing anatomical boundaries (eg, turnout, arching)4 and demanding versatility (eg, improvisation, inversions).1 These demands make a dance student prone to physical health problems,1 especially during periods of maturation and development.5 6 Physical health problems can lead to discomfort, require medical treatment and inhibit artistic development due to absence from dance activities (ie, classes, rehearsals and performances).1 In extreme cases, they can lead to study delay and even dropping out of college.2
According to Kenny and colleagues,1 injury incidence rates ranged from 0.77 to 4.71 per 1000 hours of dance exposure within preprofessional ballet and/or contemporary dancers.1 These data resulted from a very broad injury definition (‘any physical complaint irrespective of the need for medical attention or full time loss from dance activities’). On the other hand, only reporting time-loss and/or medical attention injuries underestimates the full extent of injury problems.7 About 90% of overuse injuries will not be registered as an injury when focusing on time loss injuries,8 whereas the majority of injuries by preprofessional ballet dancers (54%–85%) appear to be overused in nature.9 We argue that injury surveillance methods should use inclusive injury definitions.7
In 2013, a new surveillance method was reported by Norwegian clinician-academics. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Overuse Injury Questionnaire was designed to address the limitation of injury registration that only counted ‘time loss’ injuries.8 The new method captured all types of health problems—non-time loss injuries (‘overuse’) and time loss injuries (often ‘acute’ or more severe overuse injuries).10 11 Although this method has been used multiple times within athletic groups,12 13 only one study has applied this method in dance.7
Insight into the extent of physical health problems can give direction to future research into the aetiology of injuries and the development of preventive strategies.14 15 We aimed to establish the extent (amount, incidence) and characteristics (severity, location) of injuries in contemporary dance students using the OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire.8 10
Materials and methods
Participants
A total of 134 first-year, second-year and third-year contemporary dance students were prospectively followed during the entire academic year (September 2016 to June 2017). Students were enrolled in the 4-year educational programme of Bachelor Dance or Bachelor Dance Teacher of Codarts University of the Arts, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Our data were routinely collected as part of the curriculum for management and educational purposes. All students were informed about the procedure and provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Scientific and Ethical Review Board (VCWE) of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The Dutch Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) stated that no medical ethical approval was necessary for this questionnaire study, as stated in the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (http://www.ccmo.nl/nl/toetsingscommissie-ccmo-of-metc?55a37b93-dd8c-4bf8-8883-2d30c35ff8ba).
Procedures
During the first month of the academic year (September 2016), baseline characteristics were recorded, including age (years), height (centimetres) and body weight (kilograms). During the academic year 2016/2017, all students were asked to complete monthly questionnaires by using the Performing Artist and Athletes Health Monitor (PAHM),16 a web-based system which includes a Dutch translation of the OSTRC Questionnaire on Health Problems.10 12 13 Only students who completed >30% of the questionnaires were included in the analyses.
Injury registration
The OSTRC Questionnaire consists of four key questions about the consequences of health problems on participation, training volume and performance as well as the degree to which the student perceived symptoms. All items ranged from 0 (no problem, no reduction, no effect or no symptoms) to 25 (cannot participate at all or severe symptoms).8 Questions 1 and 4 were scored on a four point scale (0-8-17-25), while questions 2 and 3 were scored on a five point scale (0-6-13-19-25). The severity of a health problem was calculated by the sum score of the four questions (scale 0–100) according to the method proposed by Clarsen et al.8 If the severity score was higher than zero, a health problem was registered and the student was asked whether the health problem was an injury, mental problem or other problem. For injuries, the student was automatically directed to an injury registration form based on an international consensus statement on injury surveillance methodology for football to collect further details (eg, location, history and acute or overuse onset).17 An injury was defined as any physical complaint sustained by a dancer resulting in a severity score higher than zero (ie, leading to consequences on participation, training volume and/or performance), irrespective of the need for medical attention or time loss from dance activities.
Students were defined as substantially injured if they reported problems leading to moderate or severe reductions (value ≥13 on question 2 or 3 of the OSTRC) in training volume or moderate or severe reductions in performance or complete inability to participate in dance.10 If a student reported the same injury as most severe health problem in two or more consecutive questionnaires, this was counted as one ‘unique’ case of a (fluctuating) problem.12 16
Dance exposure
Dance exposure was defined as, ‘one dancer participating in one class, rehearsal or performance in which he or she is exposed to the possibility of dance injury weighted for time doing activity’,18 and measured as unit of time (hours) spending on physical dance activities. Total dance exposure was calculated as an average, based on the weekly timetables for the first-year, second-year and third-year students of the educational programme of Bachelor Dance and Bachelor Dance Teacher.
Statistical analysis
All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS V.23 (IBM, Armonk, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline characteristics using means and SD or number and percentages (%). The (substantial) injury incidence proportion (IP) for one academic year and per month was calculated by dividing the number of students that reported at least one (substantial) injury during the academic year/month by the number of respondents in that same period.19 Injury incidence rate, with corresponding 95% CI, was calculated as the number of unique injuries per 1000 hours of dance exposure.19 The severity of the unique injuries was calculated by the mean (SD) number of full days that a student completely/partly missed their dance activities due to their injury. Characteristics (ie, location) of injuries were expressed in percentages for the total of unique injuries.
Results
Response and baseline characteristics
Baseline characteristics of all students are shown in table 1. A total of 137 students were enrolled in the educational programmes, 134 students gave consent to participate and finally 130 students were included in the analyses. The four excluded students all dropped out of the educational programme within 4 months due to personal reasons (no injuries), resulting in a response lower than 30%. In total, 1279 questionnaires were sent to the students and 1020 were completed, resulting in a response rate of 79.7%.
Baseline characteristics shown as mean (±SD) or number (percentage)
Health problems
During the academic year, 96.9% (n=126) of the students reported at least one health problem, of which 64.3% (n=81) reported a substantial health problem. In the 10 monthly questionnaires, a total of 620 health problems were reported consisting of 321 injuries (51.8%), 67 mental problems (10.8%) and 232 other health problems, including illnesses (37.4%).
Injury incidence
The injury IP for one academic year was 80.8% (n=105), of which 58.1% students (n=61) had a substantial injury. Figure 1 shows that the monthly IP of all injuries ranged from 23.1% to 42.6% and from 5.8% to 16.8% for substantial injuries. The mean monthly OSTRC severity score for all injuries was 35.3 (SD=5.8) and for substantial injuries 57.0 (SD=4.7; figure 2).
Monthly incidence proportion of all and substantial injuries during the full academic year of 2016/2017.
Mean monthly OSTRC severity scores of all and substantial injuries during the full academic year of 2016/2017. OSTRC, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre.
A total of 254 unique injuries were reported by 105 students. Furthermore, 67 subsequent injuries were reported, resulting in a total of 321 reported injuries. The subsequent injuries were reported in at least two consecutive questionnaires and therefore did not calculate as a unique injury. The 105 students reported on average 2.0 unique injuries (range 1–7) during the academic year. As shown in Figure 3, 25 students (19.2%) did not report any injuries, 27 students (20.8%) reported one unique injury, 36 students (27.7%) reported two unique injuries and 42 students (32.3%) three or more unique injuries during the academic year.
Frequency table of the number of unique injuries per student over the full academic year of 2016/2017.
A total of 132 906 dance exposure hours was reported during the academic year, resulting in an overall injury incidence rate of 1.9 unique injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI 1.7 to 2.2). The mean number of days a student completely/partly missed dance activities as a result of an unique injury was 5.7 days±10.8 (n=252 students). The most reported anatomical injury locations were ankle/foot (including ankle, foot/toe, Achilles tendon and heel (n=77, 30.3%)), lower back (incl. coccyx) (n=44, 17.3%) and knee (n=37, 14.6%).
Discussion
Using the PAHM which includes the OSTRC Questionnaire, we found a 1-year injury IP of 81% (n=105) and an injury incidence rate of 1.9 unique injuries per 1000 hours of dance exposure. Fifty-eight per cent (n=61) of the injured students had a substantial injury, meaning that the students were not able to participate at all or had a moderate or severe reduction in training volume or performance because of an injury. The monthly IP for all injuries ranged from 23% to 43% and from 6% to 17% for substantial injuries. The injured students (n=105) reported on average 2.0 unique injuries (range 1–7). The most reported anatomical injury locations were ankle/foot, lower back and knee.
Injury incidence and characteristics
Our findings of the 1-year injury IP of 81% extend those of other prospective cohort studies within dance. For instance, the study by Lee and colleagues6 showed a 1-year IP of 86% within ballet and contemporary dance students, and Kenny and colleagues7 reported a 1-year injury IP of 78% within contemporary dance students. Moreover, a recent systematic review of Kenny et al 1 indicated an injury IP range from 37% to 85% in preprofessional ballet and/or contemporary dancers within 20 follow-up studies, representing controlled trials, cohorts and a case-control research.
The injury incidence rate of the present study of 1.9 per 1000 hours of dance exposure is in contrast to the injury incidence rate of 4.9 per 1000 hours of dance exposure (95% CI 4.10 to 5.79), reported in the prospective cohort study of Kenny et al.7 The difference may be explained by the different way of calculating the injury incidence rate. Kenny and colleagues used the total number of new injuries to calculate the incidence rate, resulting in the possibility of multiple injuries per week (up to four), whereas this study used the amount of unique injuries over one academic year, with a maximum of one injury (most severe) per month. Selecting all mentioned injuries in our dataset (including multiple injuries per month) led to a great injury incidence rate of 1.9–3.04 per 1000 hours of dance exposure (95% CI 2.76 to 3.35). This higher injury incidence rate is still lower than the injury incidence rate mentioned by Kenny et al.7 However, both our injury incidence rates of 1.9 and 3.04 per 1000 hours of dance exposure are in line with the range (0.77–4.71 per 1000 hours of dance exposure) reported in the systematic review of Kenny and colleagues for preprofessional dancers.1
Within professional contemporary dancers, a lower injury incidence rate was reported; the study of Shah et al 20 indicated a total of 0.59 injuries per 1000 hours, and Bronner et al 21 showed 0.51 injuries per 1000 hours. However, these studies did not indicate whether they calculated their exposure rate based on the amount of time each dancer spent on stage or on the length of each show. The difference between dance students and professional dancers might also be attributed to the difference in experience and level. Dance students are still in a period of maturation and development.5 6 In the end, only the fittest (physically and mentally) dancers will remain and become professional dancers. Furthermore, as dancers age and gain experience they are likely to be more aware of the warning signs of injuries and take preventive steps.22
To view our results in a wider perspective, we compared the injury incidence rate to other performing/sports populations with the same injury surveillance methodology and age group. The injury incidence rate found in this study is (much) lower than found in circus arts students (3.3 injuries per 1000 hours),16 Dutch female gymnasts (5.2 injuries per 1000 hours)13 and first-year Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students (11.7 injuries per 1000 hours).12 The difference might be explained by the differences in demands and environmental factors within these settings compared with our population. For example, PETE students participate in a wide range of different sports (including contact sports like soccer, rugby and so on) which causes them to have an increased risk of various injuries.23
In our study, the most predominant injury locations were the ankle/foot (30%), lower back (15%) and the knee (14%). These results are in line with previous studies; the ankle/foot (21%–34%), lower back (13%–17%) and knee (12%–21%).6 20 24 25
Strengths, limitations and recommendations
A major strength of this study is the prospective design with monthly follow-up, resulting in a low potential for recall bias. Besides, the response rate to the monthly questionnaire was high (80%). This was achieved by incorporating the monitor as part of the educational programme. As recommended by Richardson and colleagues,13 an online feedback tool (PAHM)16 was used to give students visual feedback of the collected data to improve their commitment to this study. Furthermore, students were involved in the development of PAHM, by incorporating their feedback in the new versions of PAHM.
Another major strength of this study is the use of a broad injury definition and the surveillance method as suggested by Clarsen and colleagues to calculate the extent of injuries within contemporary dance students.8 10 The incidence and severity of injuries impacting dance students vary depending on the definition of injury and injury reporting methodology.7 Therefore, to understand the full impact of injuries on a dance population, it is imperative that injury surveillance systems consider injury definitions that are sensitive enough to capture all injuries,7 such as used in this study.
However, there are some limitations. First of all, in this study, we used student-reported outcomes. Since most students lack medical expertise we were unable to record specific diagnoses of the reported injuries. It is recommended to include a follow-up from the medical staff during the data collection period in future studies, to gain more insight into the injury type and aetiology.
Furthermore, although our study indicated exposure by measuring the hours of dance classes, the intensity and nature of these classes were not included in the exposure analysis. However, these factors may have an impact on the potential injury risk for individual dancers.6 25 In this study, dance exposure was calculated from the basic timetable for each year and educational programme but not individually and therefore may not truly reflect the actual hours of training or engagement by each individual student. Non-scheduled dance practice, additional workouts and performances were not included in the total number of hours of dance exposure. Future research should look more closely at the number of and rapid changes in training load, which can precede the onset of injury.6 26 Besides, it is necessary to gain insight into the variance within the monthly IPs of injuries in relation to the curriculum of the two educational programmes, to optimise the training load over the full academic year.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Suze Steemers, Annemiek Tiemens and Stephanie Keizer-Hulsebosch for their help in administrating the monthly questionnaires and their help during the physical performance tests.
References
Footnotes
Contributors All authors made a substantial contribution to the information and material submitted and have read and approved the final version. DVW performed the data collection analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. RMVR assisted with performing the data collection, analysing the data and writing the manuscript. AR assisted with the data analyses. GJPS, RRDO and JS initiated the study and contributed to the content of the article.
Funding This work was supported by the National association of Applied Sciences SIA under Grant number 2015-02-73P.
Disclaimer The authors report no financial interest or benefit arising from the direct applications of this research.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.