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Abstract
Background High-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a reliable indicator of atherosclerotic diseases and is associated with hyperinsulinaemia. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between hs-CRP and fasting insulin levels in Korean adults not taking medication for hypertension, dyslipidaemia or diabetes, nor provided with specific dietary advice.
Methods This cross-sectional study included 2588 subjects who participated in the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. High-risk hs-CRP was defined as hs-CRP>2 mg/L. Subjects were divided into four groups with fasting insulin (<5, 5–10, 10–15,>15 uIU/mL)
Results The mean hs-CRP in our sample was 1.22 mg/L. hs-CRP was positively associated with fasting insulin level. The occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP with increasing fasting insulin levels was 7.6%, 9.8%, 19.1% and 28.2%, respectively. In comparing high-risk hs-CRP between the highest (>15 µIU/mL) and lowest (<5 µIU/mL) insulin groups, the OR (95% CI) was 4.59 (2.77–7.58). triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio was also associated with hs-CRP. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with hs-CRP.
Conclusions Higher level of fasting insulin is positively associated with high-risk hs-CRP.
- Heart disease
- Risk factor
- Diabetes
- Carbohydrates
- Cholesterol
- hs-CRP
- Insulin
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What are the new findings?
An analysis of Korean adults not taking medicines for diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension also without specific dietary advice showed that fasting insulin is positively associated with high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP).
The OR for high-risk hs-CRP in the subjects whose fasting insulin was >15 µIU/mL compared with those whose fasting insulin <5 µIU/mL was 4.59.
Triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio was also associated with hs-CRP, but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with hs-CRP.
How might it impact on clinical practice in the near future?
Findings support an insulin-lowering lifestyle modification for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Introduction
Several studies have shown that plasma insulin levels, fasting or after oral glucose load, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.1–4 This subject, however, has been controversial because of conflicting results through other studies.5–7 Though insulin was associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it was not usually associated with cardiovascular disease itself.
An increase in high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation, and is associated with early atherosclerotic changes, thus predicting cardiovascular risk.8 9 hs-CRP>2 mg/L was defined as high risk for cardiovascular disease.10
A few studies have suggested that elevated levels of plasma hs-CRP are associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.11–14
This study was designed to examine the association between hs-CRP and fasting insulin in Korean adults not taking medications for hypertension, dyslipidaemia or diabetes, nor provided with specific dietary advice, by analysing the sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) performed in 2015.
Methods
Patients
We analysed the participants of the third year (2015) of KNHANES VI. KNHANES was designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children over 1 year of age. Specifically, KNHANES targeted the non-institutionalised civilian Korean population. The KNHANES VI was a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey conducted by the Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2013 to 2015. The data collected consisted of a health interview survey, a health examination survey and a nutrition survey. A detailed description of the sampling method used was published in the 2013 KNHANES.15
In this survey, 12 528 individuals in 4600 households were sampled, with 9308 of them participating in the health interviews and health examination surveys, and 8641 participating in the nutrition surveys. Among those who participated in the survey between January 2015 and December 2015, fasting insulin levels and hs-CRP levels were obtained in 2656 males and 3200 females aged 10 years and older from all 16 administrative districts of South Korea. This study was restricted to participants over 20 years of age not provided with specific dietary advice, insulin injections or other medications for blood pressure, dyslipidaemia or diabetes (n=2588).
General characteristics of the subjects
Assessed characteristics included age, gender, anthropometric measurement and health-related behaviours. Blood pressure was manually measured by trained examiner, three times, at 30 s intervals, using the subject’s right arm after a minimum of 5 min of rest in a seated position. The average of the second and third readings was considered as the final blood pressure. Height and weight were measured with the participant wearing light clothing and no shoes. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight (kg) divided by the height (m) squared. Waist circumference was measured by placing a tape measure at the midpoint between the inferior margin of the last rib and the iliac crest in the midaxillary plane, while the participant maintained a full expiratory position.
Information on health-related behaviours such as smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker), alcohol intake (less than once per month, less than once per week or more than twice per week) and regular physical activity of moderate intensity (less or more than three times per week) was obtained from the health questionnaire. Moderate-intensity activities were defined as those lasting at least 10 min and causing a slight increase in the individual’s heart rate compared with sedentary activities; table tennis, swimming, yoga and badminton were included as moderate-intensity activities, but walking was excluded.
Dietary assessment
Dietary data were collected from the KNHANES using a 24-hour recall. Intake of macronutrients was calculated based on 24-hour recall data. The ratio of energy from each macronutrient was calculated.
Biochemical measurements
Blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected from each participant during the survey and were processed, immediately refrigerated and transported in cold storage to the Central Testing Institute in Seoul, Korea. The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured enzymatically using a Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Insulin concentration was measured by immunoradiometry (INS-IRMA, Bio-Source, Nivelles, Belgium).
Definition of high-risk hs-CRP and fasting insulin levels hs-CRP>2 mg/L was defined as high-risk hs-CRP.10 Subjects were divided into four groups as their insulin levels (<5, 5–10, 10–15, >15 µIU/mL).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS V. 23.0 (SPSS). Survey analyses were weighted to reflect complex survey sampling, unequal probabilities of selection, non-response adjustments and to produce unbiased estimates generalisable to the Korean population. Data are presented as means with SE for continuous variables and percentages with 95% CI for categorical variables. An independent two-sample t test was used to compare two independent groups. We performed complex samples general linear model analysis to investigate the association between insulin and hs-CRP. The complex samples logistic regression analysis was employed to obtain the OR associated insulin and hs-CRP after adjusting for sex and age. Subjects with serum insulin <5 µIU/mL were selected as the reference group because this was the range associated with the lowest hs-CRP. All p values were two tailed and results were considered statistically significant if the p values were<0.05.
Results
The cross-sectional analyses included data on 2588 participants (1162 men and 1426 women), aged ≥20 years, not provided with specific dietary advice, insulin injections or other medications for high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia or diabetes. The mean age of the study participants was 42.95±0.37. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the study participants. LDL-C was directly measured in all of subjects.
Clinical characteristics
Then, subjects were segmented into four insulin groups as follows: serum insulin (<5, 5–10, 10–15, ≥15 uIU/mL). Table 2 shows subjects’ characteristics according to their insulin levels. The mean or median values of body weight, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, HbA1c, AST, ALT, hs-CRP, TG/HDL ratio, LDL-C and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Conversely, age and HDL-C decreased as fasting insulin level increased.
Clinical characteristics of fasting insulin groups
Table 3 shows hs-CRP relative to fasting insulin levels. hs-CRP increased as insulin level increased (p<0.001). The mean of hs-CRP was 1.14±0.05. The occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP in the lowest insulin group was 7.92%±0.97% while those in the highest insulin group was 28.29%±4.04% (figure 1). The OR for high-risk hs-CRP in the highest fasting insulin group compared with the lowest fasting insulin group was 4.59 (95% CI 2.77 to 7.58) (table 4). After multiple covariates were adjusted, the OR for high-risk hs-CRP in the highest fasting insulin group was 4.78 (2.76–8.27).
Mean hs-CRP, the occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP(>2 mg/L) (%) versus fasting insulin
Occurrence of high-risk high-sensitivity C reactive protein (>2 mg/L) (%) versus fasting insulin (unadjusted).
The OR between fasting insulin and the occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP (>2 mg/L)
To compare the effects of fasting insulin with the association between TG/HDL ratio and hs-CRP, subjects were divided into four groups as TG/HDL ratio <2, 2–4, 4–6 and >6. The OR for high-risk hs-CRP between TG/HDL groups were 1.71, 2.17, 2.79, respectively (table 5, p=<0.001).
The OR between TG/HDL ratio and the occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP (>2 mg/L)
After subjects were divided as serum levels of LDL-C (<70, 70–120, 120–170, >170), there was no significant differences in hs-CRP among groups (table 6, p=0.748). LDL-C was not associated with hs-CRP. There was no significant difference between subjects lower than 70 mg/dL of LDL-C and higher than 170 mg/dL.
The OR between LDL-C and the occurrence of high-risk hs-CRP (>2 mg/L)
Discussion
Our results based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015 showed that elevated fasting insulin levels were associated with increased high-risk hs-CRP (>2 mg/L). This association was independent of other lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol, physical activity and total energy intake.
In the Helsinki Policeman Study, age-adjusted HR for major CHD risk during 10 years comparing men in the highest area under curve insulin quintile with those in the combined four lower quintiles was 2.72 (95% CI 1.67 to 4.42).3 In the most recent meta-analysis including 14 studies, however, the OR for CHD compared the top third of fasting insulin with the bottom third was weak, 1.12 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.28).16 The precision of method used for measuring insulin and fasting time may be an explanation for this disparity.
On the other hand, hyperinsulinaemia was associated with multiple risk factors for CHD as obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia in the San Antonio Heart Study.17
In a cross-sectional study of 1525 Peruvian adults, CRP was positively associated with fasting insulin.11 A cross-sectional study in Japan showed that the hs-CRP level of 121 male subjects was positively associated with fasting insulin.12 A case–control study of 35 patients with type 2 diabetes showed that fasting plasma insulin was higher in the increased hs-CRP group.13Compared with lower hs-CRP subjects, higher hs-CRP group in euglycaemic healthy young adults recorded increased insulin level during oral glucose tolerance test.14
A number of studies have reported that low-grade inflammation is a novel risk factor in all stages of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome, which can be measured as hs-CRP.18 The American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association guidelines on the assessment of cardiovascular risk acknowledged hs-CRP >2 mg/L as a risk assessment option.10
In our study, higher level of fasting insulin was positively associated with high-risk hs-CRP. These findings are consistent with reports from various cross-sectional, case–control and clinical trial studies of other populations. There was also a dose–response relationship among the different insulin groups. Additionally, fasting insulin was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, SBP and DBP, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, TG/HDL ratio, ALT and AST. Fasting insulin was negatively associated with age and HDL-C. Many of these results are characterised as markers of metabolic syndrome. In fact, fasting insulin may be used as a marker for metabolic syndrome.
Subject group divided into different levels of LDL-C (direct measurement) were not associated with hs-CRP. This result may be in agreement with the previous observation that LDL-C was not associated with major coronary events.19 TG/HDL ratio is another marker for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.20 Subjects divided into different TG/HDL ratio group showed an association with high-risk CRP and dose–response relationship. In case of familial hypertriglyceridaemia or familial hypercholesterolaemia, however, TG/HDL ratio cannot be a proper measure for cardiovascular risk. Fasting insulin especially may be a good option for those cases.
Our study included numerous subjects in a national survey which involved a large, nationwide, population-based sampling and also involved the collection of extensive data including potential confounders. All covariates were reliable and standardised through the use of a uniform questionnaire and surveillance protocol. Cross-sectional study design, however, is an important limitation that should be considered when interpreting the result of our study. It is difficult to determine a causal relationship between fasting insulin and hs-CRP. Whether higher level of insulin promotes minor inflammation or minor inflammation aggravates insulin resistance cannot be determined.
Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate a positive association between fasting insulin level and hs-CRP in a nationally representative sample of Korean adults after controlling for confounders. Comparing high-risk hs-CRP (>2 mg/L) between the highest (>15 µIU/mL) and lowest (<5 µIU/mL) insulin groups, the OR (95% CI) was 4.59 (2.77–7.58). TG/HDL ratio was also associated with hs-CRP. LDL-C was not associated with hs-CRP.
References
Footnotes
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval This investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) engaged voluntarily. The KNHANES has been performed since 1998 and received ethical approval by Institutional Review Board of Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The entire data can be downloaded from "https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr".