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Abstract
Background Futsal started being played in 1930 and the number of futsal players has increased all over the world ever since. Nonetheless, despite the fact that Spain is one of the most relevant national teams worldwide, information on the incidence of injuries and their anthropometric characteristics is sparse in this country.
Aim To analyse medical assistance provided to players in their prematch concentration camps with the Spanish national team over five seasons, from 2010–2011 to 2014–2015, and also to collect data regarding anthropometric characteristics.
Materials and methods This is a retrospective and detailed study of injuries players suffered over these five seasons. All variables were registered on an Excel spreadsheet and later analysed statistically.
Results 411 injuries were studied in total. The dominant somatotype was mesomorph and the injured pivots were both the most endomorphic and the most mesomorphic. The most injured body structure was the hamstring muscles, occurring due to training and intrinsic mechanisms, where fatigue was the most frequent diagnosis. Only a few complementary examinations were carried out and prematch withdrawal was rare.
Discussion The skinfold test total sum was lower than that of the Spanish 11-a-side players or than that in the lower category futsal Spanish players. In various research studies analysing exclusively injuries occurring in matches, the most frequent injury is ligament injury by extrinsic mechanism. The body mass index was not a useful parameter when assessing players’ appropriate weight. Most injuries occurred in training sessions, mostly by intrinsic mechanism; the highest percentage of traumatic injuries occurred in official matches.
- Futsal
- Injury
- Anthropometric characteristics
- medical assistance
- pre-match concentration
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Key messages
What are the new findings?
The importance of this work values medical attention during competition and in concentrations without competition also. Knowing the epidemiology of medical care provided to football players depending on the position and the stage of concentration or competition can improve prevention programmes.
How might it impact on clinical practice in the near future?
The repercussion in the practical clinic is that once known epidemiology medical attention to footballers allows planning a specific job per position and sportsman to reduce incidences of medical care provided, allowing a more physical preparation Adjusted and the implementation of prevention plans
Introduction
Futsal is a sport of growing popularity, with a higher injury risk than the 11-a-side football.1 Such a difference is credited to the game’s nature, which includes continued bouts of intensive physical activity, high-speed execution, smaller pitch dimensions and a harder playing surface.
It was Professor Juan Carlos Ceriani who first established futsal’s rules in Montevideo, Uruguay, back in 1930 using certain rules from water polo, basketball, handball and soccer, initially referring to it as ‘indoor hall football’ so that football could be played in indoor arenas.
Futsal is a sport played by two five-player teams within the limits of an adapted handball court. A futsal match comprise two 20 min halves of actual playing time. Each team has a 1 min time out, which may be requested when the team has ball possession.
‘Injury’ may mean different concepts depending on the study in which it is used: some refer to ‘injury’ as the instance in which an athlete requires hospital admission,2 whereas other authors do not consider an event to be an injury unless the player misses out on a training session or a match.3 4
We have considered any complaint on the players’ side that may have required medical assistance as an injury, irrespective of whether it caused the player to drop out of the team or not, either for training or competition. Injury was thus considered as such an event which may have needed any kind of medical intervention.
Our aim was twofold: first was to study every single medical assistance action provided to players in the Spanish national futsal male team over five seasons, and the second was to register anthropometric values for these injured players.
Materials and methods
It is a retrospective study about medical assistance provided to players summoned to the male national team from season 2010–2011 to season 2014–2015.
Physical and anthropometric values were collected following the International Society for Advanced Kinanthropometrys and GREK’s regulations while also indicating each player’s playing position.
Standard certified material was used for kinanthropometry procedures: weight, skinfold callipers, bicondylar bone calibrator and a non-extensible, flexible, metal tape measure.
The present study includes all injuries suffered by players throughout the forementioned time period. Any unrelated pathology to the musculoskeletal system was not included, and neither was any preventive physiotherapeutic assistance provided without clinical signs of injury.
The analysed variables were classified into three categories:
Players’ anthropometric data: height; weight, body mass index (BMI) (weight/height) and sum total for six skinfold measures (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh and medial calf) as assessed by adiposity index.5 6 Heath and Carter’s method7 8 was used to calculate the somatotype component (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph). Each of these components was considered to be low if below 2.5, average if between 2.5 and 5, high if between 5 and 7, and very high if its value was over 7.6
Technical data: lower limb dominance; players’ playing position (keeper, lastman, winger, pivot and wing-pivot).
Injury-related data:
Side of injured limb.
Aetiology. We consider the possibility of the injury being extrinsic (external causes) or intrinsic (internal causes).
Injured structure within the musculoskeletal system, whether it is muscle, muscle–tendon union, tendon, bone, bone–tendon union (enthesis), cartilage, ligament, muscle fascia or intra-articular injury.
Anatomical site of injury.
Diagnosis. The following diagnoses were included under this heading:
Residual pain: Discomfort due to lesions appearing prior to the national team call that needed sporadic treatment.
Muscle overload: Considered as type 1A under the new consensus classification for muscle lesions,9 showing to have no anatomical injury but muscle is painful and slightly tight when manually explored, and tend to be due to an overexertion.
Muscle contraction: Similar case to muscle overload, only with a higher degree of muscle tightness.
Elongation: Presence of localised and acute pain under fingertip pressure, but no structural changes on images, only oedema.
Muscle-fibre tear: Corresponds to stage 3 of the new muscle lesion classification,9 observable oedema and haemorrhage under MRI.
Contusion: Referring to any type of injury due to an external trauma, independent of the affected structure.
Sprain or ligament injury.
Tendinopathy: Makes reference to tendon damage, whatever its aetiology.
Intra-articular lesion.
Fasciitis or other injuries originating at the muscle fascia.
Time of injury. For this variable, we distinguish three possibilities: prior to the call, base camp training or during an international match.
Additional explorations performed for the diagnosis: echographies and/or MRI.
Applied treatment.
Camp leave due to injury.
Statistical analysis
All mentioned variables were registered using a spreadsheet for statistical analysis. Data were analysed using IBM’s SPSS Statistics, V.22.0.0. Quantitative variables were expressed using the mean and/or median as a measure of central tendency. Dispersion in these variables was expressed as typical deviation and/or maximum and minimum values. Normality was studied using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute frequency and percentage.
Quantitative variables were contrasted using the Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples. Qualitative variables were analysed using contingency tables and their statistical significance using Pearson’s χ² test.
All hypothesis contrasts performed were bilateral, taking a value of p<0.05 as statistically significant.
Results
During the specified period, there was a total of 27 national team calls. Between 12 and 15 players were called each time, with a total of 349 players being called up over the five seasons. The players’ average age was 27.48±3.98 years, and the mean weight and height were 75.19±7.21 kg and 178.91±4.97 cm, respectively. Medical assistance has been provided in 411 cases due to injury to 33 players, resulting in an injury rate of 12.4 lesions/player. With regard to the playing position, of all 411 assistance actions provided, 42 (10.2%) were to keepers, 82 (20%) to lastmen, 207 (50.4%) to wingers, 69 (16.8%) to pivots and 11 (2.7%) to wing-pivots (figure 1). Regarding lower limb dominance, 66.7% (233 players) of all cases showed to be dominant on their right side and 33.3% (116 players) on their left side.
Number of assistances according to the position.
Mesomorph was the dominant somatotype, as the muscular component showed to be predominant over that of fatty or lean. BMI was 23.47 and the skinfold sum total was 46.71 (table 1):
Kinanthropometric characteristics
When relating the BMI with a direct score for adiposity (skinfold sum), we obtained a statistically significant correlation (r=0.509; p<0.001; Pearson’s correlation test).
The somatotype analysis measured by the mean of the sum of skinfolds by playing position showed there were statistically significant differences among the different positions (p<0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test) (table 2).
Skinfold sum by playing position
Thus, the highest scores for endomorphy corresponded to pivots and keepers and the lowest scores to wing-pivots. The highest values for muscular component (mesomorphy) corresponded to pivots and the lowest to wing-pivots, with scores for other three positions being similar. Wing-pivots turned out to be the leanest (ectomorphy) and pivots the least lean.
Of the assistances, 31.1%(128) were to the right lower limb, 29% (119) were to the left, 24.6% (101) were to both lower limbs, and 15.3% (63 cases) were to other body parts (figure 2). According to their aetiology, most lesions were caused by an intrinsic mechanism (67.2%), 30.2% were extrinsic or traumatic, and 2.7% were of unknown origin.
Percentage of patients injured in each body area.
There were statistically significant differences among aetiologies for different playing positions (p=0.006; Pearson’s χ²) (table 3). Clearly noticeable is the high incidence of intrinsic mechanisms in wings, pivots and wing-pivots, whereas keepers and lastmen suffered injuries due to both intrinsic and extrinsic causes (table 3).
Lesion aetiology by playing position
The most commonly injured structure was the muscles (57.7%), in contrast to entheses (0.7%).Of the injuries occurring at the muscle–tendon union and at the fascia, 100% were caused by intrinsic mechanisms, just as most muscle injuries were (over 88%), differences which may be considered statistically significant. In 43.3% of the cases, lesions were localised in the thigh, followed by the leg (12.6%), knee (10%), back (9.7%), ankle (6.15%) and foot (5.8%). Most assistance cases (52.6%) were due to muscle overload and 14.4% were due to residual pain.
Injuries by overload in pivots and wing-pivots were more frequent (table 4). Wing-pivots suffered from contractures the most, whereas players assisted mostly for injuries appearing prior to being called up and leaving residual pain behind were keepers, with differences being statistically significant (p=0.033; Pearson’s χ² test) (table 4).
Lesion site by playing position
Most injuries (47%) occurred during base camp training sessions and 31.4% in international matches. Almost all cases (96.6%) were clinically diagnosed with no further tests necessary. A high percentage of cases (63%) needed physiotherapy treatment and 2.2% needed none. Only eight players (1.9%) were obliged to leave base camp.
Discussion
The skinfold sum total scores were slightly lower and less disperse than those found in the 11-a-side male national football team10 (50.2+12.36) and in professional football players of the top three Spanish national leagues.11
When compared, our values have shown to be notably lower than those for the U-21 national male team obtained at the regional headquarters for sports medicine in Castilla and León (46.71+8.23 vs 70.8+25.1 and 65.15+23.73, respectively).
When comparing skinfold sum total scores by playing positions, as observed in other studies,12 there are statistically significant differences, with keepers showing higher scores than lastmen (table 2).
With regard to somatotype in futsal playing positions, the highest scores for endomorphs and mesomorphs were found in pivots, whereas in other studies12 keepers showed the highest scores.
Our study population showed to have a markedly different somatotype compared with U-19s, who also practised this sport and had a much higher endomorphic (fat) component (2.80+1.05 vs 1.98) and a much lower mesomorphy (muscle) component (4.23+1.15 vs 5.09+1.03). Our population also showed a lower endomorphy (fat) component than that reported in another study, while scores for muscle component were very similar.
When comparing the Spanish male futsal player somatotype with that of other countries, we found Colombian players to have a markedly higher fat component (3.1+1.03), even higher than that of Spanish U-21s, whereas their muscular (mesomorphic) and ectomorphic components were very similar.13 When studying somatotype values in relation to futsal’s different playing positions, our study found pivots to have the highest endomorphic and mesomorphic values, whereas in other papers14 these values where highest in keepers.
The BMI values for our population have been similar to those found in Iranian players.15
We agree with other authors who conclude that BMI values are not useful when assessing players’ body composition as they cannot distinguish whether body weight increases are due to an increase in muscle or fat content.16–18 Other authors believe this BMI may be distorted due to the proportionality of sitting height and leg length so that relatively long legs would reduce BMI scores.19
Our study has shown that right-footed players suffer ipsilateral injuries more frequently than left-footed players, whose injuries occur more frequently on the contralateral side. These results are in contrast to those of other authors. Serrano et al 20 found no significant differences between these two variables.
On a different matter, we have found no statistically significant differences between lesion diagnosis and laterality. Other studies21 specifically assessing ankle sprains do find a correlation between injury and contralateral dominance, justifying so as the dominant limb is used most frequently when dribbling, whereas the non-dominant is used mostly for support. This fact justifies, according to their authors, the fact that both feet are trained in training sessions with a football. The highest frequency of ankle sprains in the non-dominant leg was also found by Ekstrand and Gillquist22 to appear in football players.
Abate et al 23 in their study about the prevalence of patellar and Achilles tendinopathies in futsal also found a stronger prevalence for the non-dominant leg, justifying it by the forementioned reason as well.
Most lesions (67.2%) show an intrinsic aetiology, coinciding almost totally with those values found for the Iranian national team,15 as well as with another Portuguese study23 and some others too,1 19 24–26 on the fact that most extrinsic or traumatic lesions occurred during official matches. Such a fact had already been proven by Hootman et al 27 after analysing 15 team sports practised in the USA between 1998 and 2004.
In our work, most lesions have occurred in the thigh (ischiocrural muscles), coinciding with the values for lesions found at the U20s championship in Brazil.26 Nevertheless, in studies carried out at three different Futsal World Cup Championships (2000, 2004 and 2008),25 it was the knee followed by the thigh area that suffer most lesions, although in these cases data for official matches were collected, leaving aside training sessions. A study carried out with Portuguese players of varied levels also produced the same findings, with the knee as the most injured site.20
In a study carried out in several of Iran’s national teams between March 2011 and June 201215, lesions appeared more frequently in the ankle, followed by the knee, and the total number of injuries increased as the level of players studied decreased.
When it comes to relating the injured site with the lesion aetiology, our findings agree with those of other studies20 in that most muscle tendon injuries were caused by an intrinsic mechanism, whereas articular and bone injuries appeared due to extrinsic factors.
Over 50% of diagnosed cases were muscle overloads, a fact that Junge and Dvorak25 justify based on the numerous sprints that also include direction changes performed while practising futsal.
Our study findings show to be in contrast with other works that show that sprains,14 mainly in the ankle, or contusions1 21 22 25 were the most common injuries.
Some studies carried out in the 11-a-side football have established a correlation between different lesions and the playing position,28 correlations also found by other authors when referring to keepers.20 Other studies have not found such correlations among the different playing positions in futsal.29
In reference to the injury diagnosis and the time of appearance of the lesion, we have found statistically significant differences so that injuries by overload occurred during training sessions, whereas contusions were more frequent during matches. Serrano et al 20 in their study with Portuguese futsal players, found—in contrast to our findings—a higher incidence of sprains and contractures during training sessions, whereas the most common injury during matches was muscle-fibre tear.
In summary, the somatotype values for those players who most frequently received medical assistance was mesomorph dominant (1.98 - 5.09 - 2.14). Pivots showed both the highest fat and muscle content of all players. BMI was not found to be useful when assessing players’ body composition. Right-footed players suffered ipsilateral injuries slightly more frequently, whereas left-footed players suffered contralateral and two-sided injuries slightly more frequently. Most extrinsic injuries (by external traumatism) took place during official matches. The muscles showed to be the most frequently injured structure, with nearly half of all injuries involving them (43.3%); the thigh was the most commonly injured site, followed by the leg (12.6%), knee (10%), back (9.7%), ankle (6.15%) and foot (5.8%). Over 50% of diagnoses were muscle overloads. Almost all injuries took place during training sessions, and in most cases (96.6%) diagnoses were issued after clinical assessment, with no further tests necessary.
References
Footnotes
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Mario Wensell for his precise translation.
Contributors LM-R and HH-G conducted the study; JML-A performed the analysis of the results and wrote the paper; PG-G collected the results and reviewed the paper; TFF-J designed the study and wrote the paper.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.