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Abstract
Background There are well-known challenges to implementing injury prevention strategies in amateur soccer, but information from other soccer settings is scarce. This cross-sectional survey analysed the injury prevention perceptions of soccer coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists from 4 male teams in a professional youth soccer academy.
Methods The respondents (n=18) completed a web-based survey relating to lower limb (LL) soccer injuries, the value and practicality of injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs) in general and, more specifically, the IPEP endorsed by FIFA, the FIFA 11+.
Results There were very high levels of agreement regarding players’ susceptibility to LL injury and the seriousness of these injuries. Respondents agreed unanimously that players should perform evidence-based injury prevention exercises. Despite 61% of respondents having previously heard of the FIFA 11+, just 6% reported current use of the full programme, with a further 22% reporting modified use. 22% believed the FIFA 11+ contained adequate variation and progression for their team and 78% felt it needed improvement. Respondents identified multiple barriers and facilitators to maintaining IPEPs, relating either to the programme content (eg, exercise variation), or the delivery and support of the programme (eg, coach acceptance).
Conclusions The coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists of professional youth teams support the use of IPEPs, but enhancing their impact requires tailoring of programme content, along with adequate delivery and support at multiple levels. The findings suggest that the FIFA 11+ needs modification for use in professional youth soccer teams.
- Sport
- Implementation
- Prevention
- Training
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What are the new findings
Coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists of professional youth soccer teams support the use of injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs).
The majority of respondents were aware of the FIFA 11+, but less than a third used the programme and mostly in a modified form.
Multiple challenges to implementing IPEPs in professional youth teams were identified.
Introduction
Soccer is the world's most popular sport with over 260 million participants worldwide.1 Lower limb (LL) injuries are common in soccer and the negative impacts of these injuries have been well documented.2–7 Recently, injury prevention strategies for soccer have gained increased research attention, particularly the use of injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs). The efficacy of IPEPs in amateur soccer teams has been established in large-scale randomised controlled trials (RCTs).8–10 The Knaekontroll programme reduced the overall rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries by 64% in a RCT including over 4500 amateur female soccer players.8 The FIFA 11+, an IPEP endorsed by the FIFA, significantly reduced injuries in large-scale RCTs of amateur female9 and male players10 as well as collegiate male players.11
Alongside growing support for IPEP efficacy, evidence of significant challenges to implementing these programmes has emerged.12 These challenges span aspects of programme reach, adoption, compliance and maintenance, aligning closely with the implementation challenges identified in other team ball sports13–19 and other health-related fields.20–23 To date, the most commonly reported implementation challenges relate to programme compliance (also termed adherence or fidelity). This refers to the extent to which an IPEP is performed as intended. High compliance to IPEPs has been associated with greater injury reductions.11 ,24–26 For example, a subsequent analysis of the aforementioned Knaekontroll RCT8 illustrated that players with high compliance experienced an 88% lower rate of ACL injury, compared with players with low compliance, who did not differ from controls.24 However, achieving adequate compliance can be challenging.27–29
Enhancing the adoption of IPEPs has also been identified as a major implementation challenge.12 ,30 Despite extensive promotion of the FIFA 11+ by soccer's international governing body since 2009, just 10% of the member soccer associations have actually endorsed the programme.12 Coaches have been identified as important adoption targets for IPEPs in amateur soccer,12 whereas other staff members (eg, physiotherapists and fitness staff) represent key programme deliverers in professional and collegiate soccer settings.31–33 In recent studies, just 20% of female soccer team coaches in Utah34 and 21% of female high school soccer and basketball coaches in Oregon35 reported using an IPEP. Among coaches of public high school soccer and basketball teams in Chicago, only 37% agreed to participate in an IPEP trial.36 Injury prevention knowledge gaps among players, coaches and parents have been identified in both male37 and female38 ,39 amateur soccer communities and also in other team ball sports settings.14 ,15 ,17 In one recent study of youth male soccer players, 79% had not heard of the FIFA 11+.37
Improving IPEP maintenance represents another key challenge in enhancing the impact of IPEPs, but information on programme maintenance is rare. In a systematic review on the reporting of team ball sport IPEP trials, maintenance was the least reported of all implementation aspects.40 A recently published, 3-year follow-up41 to the previously mentioned Knaekontroll RCT,8 investigated the maintenance of the programme by amateur female soccer coaches. Use of the programme by still active coaches, in some form, was very high (82% for intervention group coaches and 68% for control group coaches). However, the majority performed the IPEP less frequently than recommended and around three-quarters had modified the content of the programme.41
Research on IPEP implementation in professional soccer settings remains scarce, but awareness of the impact of implementation on injury prevention success in professional teams is growing.42 ,43 In a study of coaches from elite junior female teams,44 high levels of coach intent to deliver an IPEP were observed following a coach workshop. Despite this, only 53% of coaches actually adopted an IPEP during the following season. A recent study in high-level professional male soccer investigated use of the evidence-based Nordic Hamstring (NH) exercise programme.45 Although 88% of clubs were familiar with the NH programme, it was performed fully in only 11% and partly in just 6% of the total 150 club seasons included in the study.
The above research findings underpin a well-established principle of sports injury prevention: no intervention will achieve its full potential unless it is adopted, correctly implemented and maintained over time.46 It has been emphasised that for sports injury prevention measures to succeed, an in-depth understanding of end-user (eg, coach and other programme deliverers) perceptions and the specific implementation context in which the programme takes place is required.15 ,47 ,48
Identification of the factors which influence IPEP implementation can provide valuable information for the design, delivery and support of these programmes, thereby enhancing their success. The tailoring of programmes to specific target groups is also important, with consideration of age,49 ,50 knowledge and beliefs,38 ,39 programme length13 and climate.13 ,26
This study aimed to identify challenges to implementing IPEPs in the specific context of professional male youth soccer, particularly relating to the established reporting gaps of adoption and maintenance.40 As there is currently no industry-standard IPEP for professional soccer, the most highly promoted IPEP for amateur soccer, the FIFA 11+, was used as a blueprint for analysing IPEPs in this study. The specific aims were to:
Analyse the perceptions of soccer coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists towards injury prevention in general, IPEPs and specifically the FIFA 11+.
To seek direct input from staff members regarding the challenges to maintaining IPEPs in their setting.
Methods
Study design
This study was a cross-sectional, web-based survey hosted by Survey Monkey. All participants completed informed consent forms and the study was approved by the Federation University Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (Ballarat, Australia).
Participants
The targeted participants were all soccer coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists working with four elite junior male soccer teams during the 2014/2015 season. The four teams were all based in an elite European soccer academy and were selected based on existing connections with the research team. Three of the teams were competing in the highest national under-age league and one team was competing in the second highest national adult league.
Survey design
The content and development of the survey has been previously reported.51 Briefly, the development was guided by the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework dimensions52 and Health Belief Model constructs.53 The first section of the survey covered perceptions of LL injury susceptibility and seriousness in soccer and the value of IPEPs in general. In the second section, respondents were prompted to visit the official website of the FIFA 11+ (http://f-marc.com/11plus/home/). Subsequent questions focused specifically on the perceived value of the FIFA 11+ and its relevance to the respondents’ context. Both open and closed questions were employed in the survey, including five-point Likert scales, multiple option questions (yes, no, unsure) and questions with free-text answers. The open questions focused on the barriers and facilitators to IPEP maintenance. The survey took approximately 25 min to complete. Face validity was evaluated by pilot testing the survey on two professional soccer players and two physiotherapists. Face and content validity were also strengthened by the authors’ differing backgrounds in professional team sport, epidemiology, implementation research and injury prevention research, along with the previous successful administration of the same survey in another professional soccer setting.51
Data collection
Following approval from the soccer academy's management, all targeted staff members (soccer coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists) were invited to participate. The participants completed the survey during the soccer preseason or, in the case of staff changes, when they first joined their team.
Analysis
The data were exported from Survey Monkey and extensively cleaned and edited. Because of the relatively small sample size and lack of variability, Likert scale responses were converted into three-point scales (‘strongly agree/agree’, ‘neither agree nor disagree’ and ‘disagree/strongly disagree’). The data were analysed with the responses from all four teams combined. Missing responses were excluded. For each survey question, the proportion (%) of respondents indicating each different answer was calculated in Microsoft Excel and 95% CIs for the sample proportions were calculated with an online calculator (http://www.select-statistics.co.uk). One author categorised the free-text barriers and facilitators to IPEP maintenance into two themes, identified through a previous thematic analysis of the same survey in an adult male professional soccer setting.51 The first theme related to the content and nature of the IPEP itself. The second theme related to the delivery and support of IPEPs at different ecological levels, and responses were further allocated to five subthemes, reflecting different ecological levels in the professional soccer system (player, team staff, club, governing bodies and the external environment). Responses relating to multiple themes or subthemes were allocated to all relevant themes, and the proportions (%) of total responses allocated to each theme were calculated.
Results
Participants
Eighteen (90%) of the 20 eligible staff members agreed to participate, with 2 (10%) not participating due to lack of time. The respondents included nine coaches, four fitness coaches and five physiotherapists. From a total of 576 answers across respondents, only 5 (<1%) were missing and hence excluded from the analysis of the particular survey item.
Perceptions of injury susceptibility and injury seriousness
Very high proportions (89–100%) of respondents agreed to statements regarding professional soccer players’ high susceptibility to LL injuries and the negative impacts of these injuries (table 1).
Respondents’ perceptions of lower limb (LL) injury susceptibility, injury seriousness and injury prevention exercise programmes, including the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs53 and Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework dimensions52 which each question related to
Perceptions of IPEPs
Respondents unanimously agreed that certain LL injuries can be prevented, that evidence-based exercises should be performed by players and that common types of injury prevention exercises such as balance, eccentric strengthening, controlled jumping/landing and cutting can prevent LL injuries (table 1). All respondents believed that these exercises should be varied and progressed over time, and 94% believed evidence-based exercise should be incorporated into training guidelines.
The multiple-choice question, ‘When should exercises to prevent lower limb injuries be performed?’ (as part of training, separate from team training, both), was answered with ‘both’ by 89% of respondents. The most frequent answers to the question, ‘How much time is appropriate for a warm-up session at the start of team training?’ were 15 min (28%), 20 min (22%) and 25 min (22%), while four respondents indicated that the appropriate warm-up varied depending on factors such as the content of training and age of the players:It depends on the content of the team training, the length and intensity should be attuned to the training which follows.
Very variable depending on age. 10–25 mins before the first maximal sprint/shooting action.
Perceptions of injury prevention responsibility
From eight different soccer club roles listed in the survey, respondents indicated a median of seven different roles as holding responsibility for injury prevention. The most common answers were the player (100%), fitness coach (100%), physiotherapist (100%) and head coach (94%). When asked which role holds the ultimate responsibility for injury prevention, the most common answers were the head coach (35%), the player (24%) and the fitness coach (24%).
Perceptions and current practices in relation to the FIFA 11+
Sixty-one per cent of respondents had previously heard of the FIFA 11+ (table 2), but less than a third of them reported using it in some form. When asked, ‘Does your team currently use the FIFA 11+?’ a total of 28% indicated either ‘yes’ (6%) or ‘yes, but modified’ (22%). All of the respondents using the programme indicated that they liked it, with some providing reasons as free-text answers:
It's simple and the basics are covered. Transparency and comprehensibility are present.
I like it, but I find it too monotonous for regular use.
While 83% of respondents believed that the FIFA 11+ could prevent injuries in their team, only half agreed that it is soccer-specific and just 22% believed it contains adequate variation and progression (table 2). Only 44% agreed that the FIFA 11+ could be maintained by their team over multiple seasons. The vast majority of respondents (78%) indicated that the FIFA 11+ needed improvement for use in their team, and there was unanimous agreement that the club should develop its own version (table 2).In my opinion a standard program is the best option for clubs with minimal medical and sport science staff, to keep the injury rate as low as possible. If possible, players should also perform additional, individual exercises based on grounded, specific test procedures. This needs to be tailored to the specific playing level and age group in question.
Barriers and facilitators to IPEP maintenance
The barriers and facilitators to IPEP maintenance, categorised by theme and subtheme, are presented in table 3. The majority of respondents’ answers were related to multiple themes and subthemes. Thirty-two per cent of all responses were included under the first theme, the nature and content of the IPEP itself. Almost all responses (97%) were included under the second theme, IPEP delivery and support. One subtheme, IPEP delivery and support at the team staff level, included 88% of all responses (table 3).
Barriers and facilitators to injury prevention exercise programme (IPEP) maintenance in professional soccer teams categorised by themes and subthemes, including the proportion (%) of total responses included under each theme
Discussion
Key results
This study evaluated the perceptions of IPEP deliverers in the specific context of professional male youth soccer. Soccer coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists recognised the high risk and seriousness of soccer injuries and strongly supported the use of evidence-based exercises. Although the majority of respondents had heard of the FIFA 11+ and believed it could prevent injuries in their team, less than a third used it and mostly in a modified form. Overall, the results of this study suggest that established IPEPs need modification for use in professional youth male soccer settings. The findings also hold relevance for the implementation of IPEPs in other soccer settings and in other team ball sports.
Respondents’ perceptions of IPEPs
The participants in this study strongly supported the use of injury prevention exercises in general, with all respondents indicating that soccer players should perform them. This is in accordance with other recent research results in professional soccer settings.31 ,42 From 32 national teams participating in the FIFA 2014 World Cup, 91% reported using IPEPs.42 The staff of 44 high-level professional male teams all reported prescribing IPEPs for their players and their top five rated injury prevention exercise types (eg, eccentric strengthening and balance) corresponded closely to the components of the FIFA 11+.12 ,31 In the current study, 83% of respondents thought the FIFA 11+ could prevent injuries in their team. Taken together, these results suggest that IPEPs play an important role in professional soccer and although the FIFA 11+ was designed for amateur players, the types of exercises in the programme also hold relevance for professional soccer settings. Despite this, the respondents’ reported use of the FIFA 11+ in its original form (6%) or a modified form (22%) was very low in this present study.
A potential explanation for these findings is that while the basic FIFA 11+ components, such as strengthening and balance, are relevant to professional teams, the specific exercises need to be adapted to the professional soccer context. Respondents in this study agreed unanimously that injury prevention exercises need to be varied and progressed over time, with only 22% of respondents believing the FIFA 11+ contained adequate progression and variation. Furthermore, the need for fun and challenging injury prevention exercises, with sufficient variety, was evident in free-text answers.
The delivery of injury prevention exercises may also need tailoring to the professional soccer context. The FIFA 11+ is delivered as a team warm-up programme, but the majority of participants in this study believed that injury prevention exercises should be delivered both during team training and separate from training. This suggests that the future design and delivery of IPEPs for professional soccer needs to consider various formats for delivering exercises, beyond the warm-up alone. Other studies in professional support these findings.31 ,42 Optimising the individualisation of programmes was the most commonly reported injury prevention challenge in a survey of 2014 FIFA World Cup teams,42 and 73% of premier league professional soccer teams reported prescribing both individual and group injury prevention sessions.31
Barriers and facilitators to IPEP maintenance
Far more clues to the specific implementation challenges in professional soccer emerged from the free-text answers regarding IPEP maintenance. The diversity and nature of the reported challenges highlight that efficacious IPEPs alone are not enough to prevent injuries. Almost all responses related to aspects of programme delivery and support (eg, coach acceptance, communication and team work). Hence, to ensure the ultimate success of these programmes, there is a need to focus on addressing implementation challenges at various levels of the soccer system.
It is noteworthy that one subtheme, IPEP delivery and support at team staff level, included 88% of all responses. Examples in this subtheme included staff acceptance of IPEPs, staff number and continuity, communication and team work. The frequency of responses in this sub theme strongly suggests that factors at staff level represent a key challenge in the successful maintenance of IPEPs in professional youth soccer. The presence of large interdisciplinary teams in professional sports clubs and the potential for conflict among these teams has been previously reported.32 ,54 ,55 The high number of roles sharing the responsibility for injury prevention in clubs, as indicated by the respondents in this study, adds to the challenge of ensuring adequate acceptance and support for IPEPs. Physicians working with 2014 FIFA World Cup teams identified ‘compliance of and between staff’ as one of the main challenges in preventing injuries.42 Research reports from the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) injury study, involving top-level professional European teams, have also identified internal communication and the stability of staffing as important elements for successful injury prevention.43
Limitations
This study had several limitations. The sample size, which was dictated by the targeted real-world setting, was small. Accordingly, care is warranted in extrapolating the study results to other populations. The small sample size also precluded analysis of participant subgroups (eg, coaches only), or potential modifying variables (eg, age, coaching experience) due to insufficient power. The survey used in this study was not subjected to validity testing beyond face and content validity, similar to other studies in this field,31 ,41 ,42 though the same survey was successfully conducted in a group of professional adult soccer teams.51 The answers to Likert scale questions may have been influenced by factors such as acquiescence bias and social desirability bias.56 Only one researcher allocated free-text responses to themes and subthemes, and the use of multiple independent reviewers may have strengthened this method.
Future research
Further studies are needed to investigate exactly how IPEPs are used in professional youth soccer settings and the specific implementation challenges they face. As reported injury prevention behaviour does not necessarily reflect actual behaviour,57 direct observation of IPEP use through longitudinal observational studies, with multiple assessment times, is recommended. Such studies will provide insight into exactly how IPEPs are modified by end users and the specific reasons behind these modifications.
Conclusion
The coaches, fitness coaches and physiotherapists of professional youth male soccer teams strongly support the use of injury prevention exercise programmes. However, to enhance their impact, IPEPs must be tailored to the specific implementation context of professional youth soccer. This includes modifying IPEP content to provide adequate exercise challenge, variation and progression. Additionally, adequate delivery and support of IPEPs at various levels, particularly team staff level, are key considerations. The results of this study provide valuable information for enhancing the delivery of existing exercise programmes and also for the future development of improved IPEPs for professional youth soccer.
References
Footnotes
Twitter Follow James O'Brien at @_jamesobrien Follow Caroline Finch @CarolineFinch
Contributors JO led this work as part of his PhD studies. He designed the study, led its conduct, had the major role in paper writing and is responsible for the overall content as guarantor. CFF contributed to the design of the study and the writing of the paper.
Funding JO is supported by a Federation University Australia Postgraduate Scholarship. CFF is supported by an NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (ID: 1058737). The Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP) is one of the International Research Centres for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health supported by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Competing interests JO is employed at the professional soccer academy involved in this study. Although all survey responses were anonymous, it is possible that the author's relationship to academy staff influenced the results.
Ethics approval Federation University Australia Human Ethics Committee.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.