Stem Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle

doi:10.1016/S1050-1738(03)00024-0

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine

Volume 13, Issue 3, April 2003, Pages 123-128

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-1738(03)00024-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

Muscle satellite cells are a self-renewing pool of stem cells that give rise to daughter myogenic precursor cells in adult skeletal muscle, where they function in postnatal tissue growth and regeneration. Adult skeletal muscle also contains a novel stem cell population purified as a side population (SP), which actively excludes Hoechst 33342 dye. Muscle SP cells that express the hematopoietic stem cell marker Sca-1 possess the ability to differentiate into hematopoietic cells, skeletal muscle, and satellite cells following transplantation. The muscle SP fraction also contains cells expressing the hematopoietic marker CD45 that are capable of differentiation into hematopoietic cells and muscle cells. Thus, these novel muscle stem cells appear to have characteristics similar to those of hematopoietic stem cells, and can participate in muscle regeneration. This review outlines recent findings regarding different stem cell populations in skeletal muscle, and discusses their involvement in muscle regeneration.

Section snippets

Muscle Hematopoietic Potential Cells and Muscle Regeneration

Goodell et al. (1996) were the first to demonstrate that HSCs in bone marrow from many different species can be purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of side population (SP) cells. The SP fraction of cells excludes Hoechst 33342 dye through the activity at the cell surface of multidrug resistance-like proteins such as BCRP1/ABCG2 Zhou et al. 2001, Zhou et al. 2002. Gussoni et al. (1999) then showed that these bone marrow SP cells have the capacity to contribute to skeletal

Other Stem Cells in Muscle

During development, it is conceivable that the vascular-associated progenitors of myogenic satellite cells, termed meso-angioblasts in the embryo by De Angelis, Minasi and colleagues, persist in close association with the vasculature as adult stem cells in skeletal muscle De Angelis et al. 1999, Minasi et al. 2002. In addition, connective tissues in skeletal muscle have been reported to contain mesenchymal progenitor cells (Young et al. 2001). Recently, several groups have isolated a

Future Directions

Induction of myogenic specification of stem cells in muscle may involve one or more mechanisms, including secreted factor(s), extracellular matrix, and cell–cell interactions. The molecular mechanism of myogenic specification of these stem cells will be elucidated by combining information from in vitro culture systems and different animal systems, including genetic analysis afforded by gene knockout experiments. Undoubtedly, muscle possesses multiple stem cell populations, for which

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank M.A. Rudnicki, J. Ishibashi, and S. Morita for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by a development grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association to A.A.

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Citation Excerpt :
In the BM-MSC treated group, CD34 stained sections showed multiple positive CD34 spindle shaped cells at the periphery of the muscle fiber. Asakura (2003) mentioned that the ability of implanted stem cells to replenish the satellite cell compartment may ensure long term efficacy by restoring the regeneration potential necessary for muscle tissue homeostasis and repair. This result was in agreement also with LaBarge and Blau (2002) who suggested that MSCs homed to injured muscle, first forming satellite cells then fusing to form mature myofibres.
The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as a potential therapeutic tool for improvement of skeletal muscle recovery after induced chemodenervation atrophy by repeated local injection of botulinum toxin-A in the right tibialis anterior muscle of adult male albino rats. Forty five adult Wistar male albino rats were classified into control and experimental groups. Experimental group was further subdivided into 3 equal subgroups; induced atrophy, BM-MSCs treated and recovery groups. Biochemical analysis of serum LDH, CK and Real-time PCR for Bcl-2, caspase 3 and caspase 9 was measured. Skeletal muscle sections were stained with H and E, Mallory trichrome, and Immunohistochemical reaction for Bax and CD34. Improvement in the skeletal muscle histological structure was noticed in BM-MSCs treated group, however, in the recovery group, some sections showed apparent transverse striations and others still affected. Immunohistochemical reaction of Bax protein showed strong positive immunoreaction in the cytoplasm of muscle fibers in the induced atrophy group. BM-MSCs treated group showed weak positive reaction while the recovery group showed moderate reaction in the cytoplasm of muscle fibers. Immunohistochemical reaction for CD34 revealed occasional positive CD34 stained cells in the induced atrophy group. In BM-MSCs treated group, multiple positive CD34 stained cells were detected. However, recovery group showed some positive CD34 stained cells at the periphery of the muscle fibers. Marked improvement in the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles after BM-MSCs therapy. Hence, stem cell therapy provides a new hope for patients suffering from myopathies and severe injuries.
Notch1-mediated signaling regulates proliferation of porcine satellite cells (PSCs)
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Citation Excerpt :
Residing between the basal lamina and plasma membrane of mature skeletal muscle fibers and mononucleated [4], satellite cells are a major source of progenitors in postnatal muscle [5–8]. Numerous previous studies have shown that satellite cells play an important role in supporting postnatal muscle growth and regeneration of myogenic tissues after muscle injury [9–11]. All quiescent satellite cells express the paired-box transcription factor Pax7 [8] and a majority of them express CD34 and M-Cadherin [12].
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell–cell communication mechanism involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and fate decisions of mammalian cells. In the present study, we investigated the possible requirement for Notch signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of porcine satellite cells. We show that Notch1, 2 and 3 are expressed in cultured porcine satellite cells. Knock-down of NOTCH1, but not NOTCH2 and NOTCH3, decreases the proliferation of porcine satellite cells. In contrast, enhancement of NOTCH1 expression via treatment of porcine satellite cells with recombinant NF-κB increases the proliferation of porcine satellite cells. The alteration of porcine satellite cell proliferation is associated with significant changes in the expression of cell cycle related genes (cyclin B1, D1, D2, E1 and p21), myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin) and the Notch effector Hes5. In addition, alteration of Notch1 expression in porcine satellite cells causes changes in the expression of GSK3β-3. Taken together, these findings suggest that of the four notch-related genes, Notch1is likely to be required for regulating the proliferation and therefore the maintenance of porcine satellite cells in vivo, and do so through activation of the Notch effector gene Hes5.
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Brief reviewStem Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle

Abstract

Section snippets

Muscle Hematopoietic Potential Cells and Muscle Regeneration

Other Stem Cells in Muscle

Future Directions

Acknowledgements

Differentiation

Exp Hematol

Exp Cell Res

Exp Hematol

Blood

Exp Hematol

Exp Hematol

Exp Hematol

Blood Cells Mol Dis

Blood

Cell

Immunity

Exp Hematol

Blood

Dev Cell

Dev Biol

Cell

Exp Hematol

Exp Hematol

Differentiation

Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle

J Cell Biol

Expression of CD34 and Myf5 defines the majority of quiescent adult skeletal muscle satellite cells

J Cell Biol

Brief review
Stem Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle