Spectators at the European Tour Paul Lawrie Matchplay Aged ≥18 years Able to walk (walking aids permitted) Unstable cardiovascular disease not reported
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Non-spectators (for example staff, marshals, players, caddies) Spectators that had taken part in the study on previous days Aged under 18 years Inability to walk Reported unstable cardiovascular disease (critical aortic stenosis, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within 6 weeks—a medical doctor was part of the research team and could provide individual case advice)
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