Baseline characteristics
| Variable | Control group | Exercise group | ||
| Randomised (n=29) | Per protocol (n=22) | Randomised (n=31) | Per protocol (n=24) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Age, years | 61.3 (7.1) | 61.4 (7.2) | 65.9 (8.5) | 64.9 (9.1) |
| Female sex, no. (%) | 21 (72%) | 16 (73%) | 27 (87%) | 22 (92%) |
| Height, m | 1.72 (0.09) | 1.71 (0.09) | 1.69 (0.08) | 1.69 (0.08) |
| Weight, kg | 83.3 (15.0) | 83.6 (15.7) | 81.9 (14.1) | 83.1 (14.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.1 (4.5) | 28.4 (4.6) | 28.7 (4.2) | 29.1 (4.1) |
| Pain, 0–100 mm | 63.3 (12.4) | 62.9 (11.0) | 56.5 (14.8) | 56.8 (16.1) |
| Gait analysis | (n=28)* | (n=30)* | ||
| Hip kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Max. flexion angle, degrees | 40.6 (9.1) | 38.7 (9.3) | 39.7 (5.8) | 40.2 (6.2) |
| Max. extension angle, degrees | −8.3 (9.1) | −9.8 (9.0) | −8.8 (7.9) | −7.5 (7.8) |
| Max. adduction angle, degrees | −11.2 (5.2) | −10.6 (4.4) | −11.6 (3.8) | −12.0 (3.7) |
| Max. abduction angle, degrees | 4.0 (4.2) | 4.3 (3.9) | 3.9 (5.0) | 3.1 (4.8) |
| Max. external rotation angle, degrees | 16.6 (10.2) | 15.6 (10.3) | 13.8 (14.7) | 12.6 (14.8) |
| Max. internal rotation angle, degrees | −14.9 (14.4) | −15.0 (13.5) | −13.5 (14.9) | −12.1 (16.2) |
| Hip kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| Peak extensor moment, Nm/kg | 1.09 (0.32) | 1.03 (0.29) | 1.03 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.25) |
| Peak flexor moment, Nm/kg | −1.00 (0.25) | −0.99 (0.26) | −1.08 (0.26) | −1.05 (0.27) |
| First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.90 (0.15) | 0.89 (0.14) | 0.90 (0.20) | 0.86 (0.15) |
| Second peak adductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.65 (0.14) | 0.67 (0.14) | 0.64 (0.14) | 0.62 (0.10) |
| First peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg | −0.13 (0.04) | −0.14 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.05) | 0.86 (0.15) |
| Second peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.62 (0.10) |
| First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 1.20 (0.26) | 1.15 (0.24) | 1.14 (0.24) | 1.09 (0.19) |
| Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 1.15 (0.23) | 1.15 (0.23) | 1.22 (0.27) | 1.18 (0.26) |
| Positive work, Joule | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.07) |
| Negative work, Joule | −0.20 (0.12) | −0.19 (0.12) | −0.22 (0.11) | −0.20 (0.12) |
| Knee kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Angle at heel strike, degrees | 13.5 (6.8) | 12.2 (5.7) | 13.9 (5.7) | 13.8 (5.9) |
| First peak flexion angle, degrees | 23.7 (6.2) | 23.1 (6.2) | 25.7 (6.9) | 25.8 (7.6) |
| Mid-stance peak extension angle, degrees | 7.0 (6.9) | 6.2 (6.3) | 9.6 (6.9) | 10.1 (7.0) |
| Peak swing phase flexion angle, degrees | 59.6 (8.5) | 59.5 (8.9) | 61.4 (8.5) | 61.4 (9.4) |
| Knee kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| First peak flexor moment, Nm/kg | −0.40 (0.13) | −0.39 (0.10) | −0.40 (0.14) | −0.40 (0.13) |
| First peak extensor moment, Nm/kg | 0.82 (0.26) | 0.80 (0.25) | 0.88 (0.36) | 0.65 (0.22) |
| Second peak flexor moment, Nm/kg | −0.11 (0.18) | −0.14 (0.16) | −0.05 (0.19) | −0.03 (0.16) |
| First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.69 (0.24) | 0.67 (0.25) | 0.66 (0.22) | 0.65 (0.22) |
| Second peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.49 (0.21) | 0.50 (0.23) | 0.45 (0.18) | 0.44 (0.18) |
| Abductor angular impulse, Nm*s/kg | 24.8 (10.7) | 24.7 (11.4) | 23.0 (9.0) | 23.2 (9.4) |
| First peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) |
| Second peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.08 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) |
| First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 1.07 (0.27) | 1.04 (0.26) | 1.12 (0.26) | 1.11 (0.29) |
| Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 0.58 (0.16) | 0.58 (0.17) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.56 (0.12) |
| Positive work, Joule | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.27 (0.15) | 0.26 (0.17) |
| Negative work, Joule | −0.28 (0.09) | −0.26 (0.08) | −0.29 (0.09) | −0.29 (0.10) |
| Ankle kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Max. plantarflexion (early stance), degrees | 2.1 (4.9) | 1.6 (5.1) | 2.2 (3.9) | 2.2 (4.0) |
| Max. dorsiflexion (late stance), degrees | 18.3 (4.7) | 17.7 (3.9) | 20.4 (5.9) | 20.9 (6.4) |
| Swing dorsiflexion angle, degrees | 7.6 (8.1) | 7.1 (8.3) | 9.8 (7.6) | 9.4 (8.3) |
| Ankle kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| Peak dorsiflexor moment (early stance), Nm/kg | −0.24 (0.10) | −0.25 (0.11) | −0.20 (0.12) | −0.19 (0.13) |
| Peak plantarflexor moment (late stance), Nm/kg | 1.42 (0.18) | 1.41 (0.18) | 1.47 (0.22) | 1.45 (0.21) |
| Peak resultant moment (late stance), Nm/kg | 1.43 (0.18) | 1.41 (0.18) | 1.48 (0.22) | 1.46 (0.21) |
| Positive work, Joule | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.08) |
| Negative work, Joule | −0.19 (0.07) | −0.18 (0.06) | −0.21 (0.06) | −0.21 (0.07) |
| Spatiotemporal variables | ||||
| Walking speed, m/s | 1.37 (0.17) | 1.36 (0.14) | 1.37 (0.25) | 1.35 (0.27) |
| Step length, m | 0.72 (0.07) | 0.71 (0.05) | 0.72 (0.1) | 0.71 (0.11) |
| Cadence, steps/min | 116.8 (10.2) | 116.4 (10.4) | 116.9 (9.4) | 116.5 (10.3) |
| Double support, % | 0.26 (0.05) | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.10) |
| Single support, % | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.05) |
| Foot progression angle, degrees | 4.0 (6.1) | 4.1 (4.8) | 5.3 (5.0) | 5.8 (5.4) |
| Ground reaction forces and support moment (stance only) | ||||
| First peak vertical ground reaction force, N | 113.7 (9.5) | 112.4 (9.3) | 116.9 (12.1) | 116.1 (13.0) |
| Second peak vertical ground reaction force, N | 106.5 (7.7) | 106.9 (7.6) | 108.1 (9.1) | 106.7 (8.2) |
| First peak a-p ground reaction force, N | 20.8 (4.0) | 20.5 (3.4) | 21.1 (6.1) | 20.6 (6.6) |
| Second peak a-p ground reaction force, N | −20.9 (3.5) | −21.0 (3.3) | −20.9 (5.9) | −20.5 (6.1) |
| First peak support moment, Nm/kg | 1.34 (0.40) | 1.30 (0.42) | 1.34 (0.39) | 1.34 (0.43) |
| Second peak support moment, Nm/kg | 0.69 (0.25) | 0.69 (0.28) | 0.70 (0.31) | 0.68 (0.32) |
*One invalid gait analysis at baseline (see figure flow diagram)