Physical activity modes and definitions used for grouping and analysis in this review
| Exercise mode | Further definition for this review |
|---|---|
| Walking | Including treadmill |
| Cycling | Either outdoor or stationary, and peddle or hand/crack |
| Progressive resistance training (PRT) | Lifting of an external resistance, performed across multiple sets (3–5) of a low number of repetitions (<20) |
| Functional/closed kinetic chain exercises | Lifting, controlling and moving one's own body weight, during movement's replicating real-life movements, eg, stepping forwards or up on a step, excluding walking only |
| PRT using functional/closed kinetic chain exercises | Functional exercises, with the addition of external weight; either held in hands or as weighted vest |
| Sport/games-based | Including group or individual game or play based activities |
| Spirometry exercise | Externally resisted inspiratory muscle training |
| Nintendo Wii | Using ‘off-the-shelf’ games |
| Motivation | Any study providing psychological or emotional feedback, or music to enhance motivation during a physical activity |
| Education | Education to enhance participation levels |
| Complex programme | An intervention the broadly reflects a combination of any above interventions, that cannot be defined as primarily one or another for any reason. This includes counselling to determine individualised activities. The combination is defined for each intervention in included study tables |