Participants' baseline characteristics
| Variables | Control group (n=118) | Intervention group (n=148) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.9 (6.0) | 74.6 (5.1) | 0.074 |
| 5 m walking time (s) | 3.22 (1.32) | 3.08 (1.43) | 0.427 |
| TUG-T (s)* | 7.28 (1.64) | 7.04 (2.76) | 0.411 |
| FRT (cm)† | 30.4 (7.6) | 30.5 (7.9) | 0.946 |
| CS-30 (times)‡ | 17.1 (5.9) | 17.8 (5.7) | 0.366 |
| Sway path EO§ (cm/s) | 1.58 (0.7) | 1.58 (0.8) | 0.671 |
| Sway path EC¶ (cm/s) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.2) | 0.811 |
| Knee extension strength (% body weight) | 36.2 (14.2) | 38.2 (13.6) | 0.397 |
| Sit and Reach Test (cm) | 14.2 (8.6) | 14.7 (9.3) | 0.534 |
| VPCF (ℓ/min)** | 252.0 (100.3) | 272.9 (123.1) | 0.160 |
| LCF (kg)†† | 8.7 (3.7) | 9.5 (3.8) | 0.161 |
| LSNS-6‡‡ | 16.8 (5.3) | 17.4 (6.3) | 0.548 |
| M-FES§§ | 135.9 (8.1) | 135.6 (5.1) | 0.744 |
| Number of fallers (persons)¶¶ | 38 (32%) | 38 (26%) | 0.242 |
Values are means (SD) except sex (number of males) and number of fallers.
*Timed Up and Go Test.
†Functional Reach Test.
‡30 s Chair Stand Test.
§Eyes open condition.
¶Eyes closed condition.
**Voluntary peak cough flow.
††Labial closure force.
‡‡Lubben Social Network Scale-6.
§§Modified falls efficacy scale.
¶¶Experience of one or more falls during past 6 months.