Within and between group comparison of variables
| Group | Control group (n=72) | Intervention group (n=138) | Between group differences (P) | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 m walking time(s) | 3.00 (0.75) | 2.96 (0.87) | 0.06 | |
| Pre | 2.83 (0.86) | 2.78 (0.74) | ||
| Post | ||||
| Change | 0.16 (0.66) | 0.18 (0.36) | 0.716 | |
| TUG-T(s)† | ||||
| Pre | 6.55 (1.55) | 6.83 (2.14) | 0.38 | |
| Post | 6.70 (1.65) | 6.60 (1.73)** | ||
| Change | −0.15 (1.21) | 0.24 (1.07) | 0.022 | |
| FRT (cm)‡ | ||||
| Pre | 32.3 (7.8) | 31.3 (7.6) | 0.16 | |
| Post | 31.0 (9.1) | 32.7 (6.8)** | ||
| Change | −1.2 (7.1) | 1.4 (6.0) | 0.291 | |
| CS-30 (times)§ | ||||
| Pre | 18.3 (6.5) | 17.6 (5.3) | 0.42 | |
| Post | 18.6 (6.3) | 19.6 (5.6)** | ||
| Change | 0.3 (4.3) | 2.0 (3.8) | 0.007 | |
| Sway path EO (cm/s)¶ | ||||
| Pre | 1.52 (0.50) | 1.50 (0.74) | 0.34 | |
| Post | 1.46 (0.66) | 1.65 (0.93) | ||
| Change | 0.05 (0.47) | −0.15 (0.70) | 0.052 | |
| Sway path EC (cm/s)** | ||||
| Pre | 2.24 (1.10) | 2.37 (1.32) | 0.23 | |
| Post | 2.22 (1.21) | 2.17 (1.13)** | ||
| Change | 0.01 (0.60) | 0.20 (0.88) | 0.175 | |
| Knee extension strength (%BW) | ||||
| Pre | 35.9 (15.0) | 38.6 (12.5) | 0.35 | |
| Post | 36.2 (14.4) | 41.2 (10.5)** | ||
| Change | 0.2 (8.8) | 2.61 (9.9) | 0.035 | |
| Sit and Reach Test (cm) | ||||
| Pre | 13.9 (8.6) | 14.9 (9.4) | 0.33 | |
| Post | 14.5 (10.0) | 17.7 (9.7)** | ||
| Change | 0.6 (5.8) | 2.8 (6.8) | 0.046 | |
| VPCF (ℓ/min)†† | ||||
| Pre | 242.0 (96.3) | 273.8 (127.4) | 0.47 | |
| Post | 249.4 (98.1) | 316.4 (136.5)** | ||
| Change | 7.4 (73.7) | 42.7 (95.4) | 0.004 | |
| LCF (kg)‡‡ | ||||
| Pre | 9.22 (3.53) | 9.77 (3.86) | 0.19 | |
| Post | 9.30 (3.12) | 9.67 (4.34) | ||
| Change | 0.07 (3.11) | −0.09 (4.09) | 0.424 | |
| Number of fallers§§ | ||||
| Pre | 38 (32%) | 38 (26%) | NA | |
| Post | 26 (22%) | 17 (12%) | ||
| Change | 12 (10%) | 21 (14%) | 0.02 | |
Values are means (SD) except number of fallers. *p<0.05, **p<0.01: Pre-Post comparison.
†Timed Up and Go Test.
‡Functional Reach Test.
§30s Chair Stand Test.
¶Eyes open condition.
**Eyes closed condition.
††Voluntary peak cough flow.
‡‡Labial closure force.
§§Experience of one or more falls during past 6 months.
NA, not applicable.