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Abstract
Background/aim Participation in Australian football (AF) has traditionally been male dominated and current understanding of injury and priorities for prevention are based solely on reports of injuries in male players. There is evidence in other sports that indicates that injury types differ between males and females. With increasing participation in AF by females, it is important to consider their specific injury and prevention needs. This study aimed to provide a first injury profile from existing sources for female AF.
Methods Compilation of injury data from four prospectively recorded data sets relating to female AF: (1) hospital admissions in Victoria, 2008/09–13/14, n=500 injuries; (2) emergency department (ED) presentations in Victoria, 2008/09–2012/13, n=1,879 injuries; (3) insurance claims across Australia 2004–2013, n=522 injuries; (4) West Australian Women's Football League (WAWFL), 2014 season club data, n=49 injuries. Descriptive results are presented as injury frequencies, injury types and injury to body parts.
Results Hospital admissions and ED presentations were dominated by upper limb injuries, representing 47% and 51% of all injuries, respectively, primarily to the wrist/hand at 32% and 40%. Most (65%) insurance claim injuries involved the lower limb, 27% of which were for knee ligament damage. A high proportion of concussions (33%) were reported in the club-collected data.
Conclusions The results provide the first compilation of existing data sets of women's AF injuries and highlight the need for a rigorous and systematic injury surveillance system to be instituted.
- Injury
- Australian football
- Women
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
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Summary of new findings
This is the first compilation of existing data for injuries sustained by women who play Australian football (AF).
In women's AF, lower limb injuries are most common in insurance data, upper limb injuries most common in hospital data and head injuries are most common in club-collected data.
Gaps in available data suggest that rigorous and systematic injury surveillance is justified to gain a more complete and accurate profile of female AF injuries.
Introduction
Australian football (AF) is a popular, fast-paced team sports involving running, jumping and tackling with frequent change in speed and direction.1 ,2 Typically a male-dominated sport, the number of females playing AF has increased substantially over recent years with over 285 000 women and girls participating in 2015 in a structured programme or competition at introductory (Auskick), school, club or elite levels across Australia.3 An elite, national competition for females will begin in 2017.3 At senior levels, women's AF is played under the same rules as the men's game, with the exception of using a slightly smaller sized ball. At junior levels, modified versions of the game (restricted tackling and smaller field/ball) are in place for both boys and girls.4
As with all sports participating in AF exposes players to a risk of injury. The substantive body of research relating to AF injuries in male elite-level players and, to a lesser extent, community male adult and junior players has recently been summarised based on different data collection methods to identify priorities for injury prevention.5–8 From prospective, field-based data collections, lower limb muscle strains, together with superficial injuries (eg, bleeding, lacerations), were identified as the most common community AF injury in males (both adults and children).7 When considering injuries in male AF players from studies that have used data based on having received medical attention, upper limb injuries are the most prevalent, comprising 36–43% of hospital admissions and 37–53% of emergency department (ED) presentations, with injury types largely comprising fractures and dislocations.6
There is reasonable evidence in other team ball sports to suggest that the number and nature of injuries sustained by females differ from those sustained by males. For example, conservative estimates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in team ball sports such as soccer and basketball report females having 2–3 times greater numbers of ACL injuries than males.9–11 Similarly, several systematic reviews have reported sex differences in reported concussion incidence,12–16 risk factors13 ,17 ,18 and outcomes.12 ,19 ,20 In light of these findings, in other sports it is reasonable to think that there may be differences in the types of injuries sustained by male and female participants of AF.
Following the structure proposed in the Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice (TRIPP) model, the dominant injuries in female AF participants need to be identified before developing an understanding of the causes of these injuries so that steps can be taken towards their prevention.21 The current study was undertaken to gain a first understanding of injuries compiled from multiple sources of existing data, which inherently document different types of injuries. Specifically, the aim of this paper was to describe the number, injury type and body location for commonly reported injuries in female AF participants.
Methods
Data on injuries sustained while participating in AF were extracted from three routinely collected injury databases and one single-season league-wide injury data collection. Key features of the databases identified are summarised in table 1. Information sought from the data sets for comparison included:
Body region injured (eg, upper limb, lower limb);
Body part injured (eg, knee, ankle);
Nature of injury (eg, laceration, fracture).
Key data collection features of included data sets for female Australian football injuries
Any additional information relating to the cases (state/region played, age or age group) and to the injuries (text narrative, mechanism) was extracted where it was available. Since sources differed in the level of detail presented in the injury descriptions, the data needed to be coded into a consistent format. All information from the club-based data and insurance data were provided at case level while the hospital data were provided as aggregated counts of each variable. This format allowed a broad-level comparison of injuries across data sets. A descriptive analysis of the frequency and types of injuries sustained is presented for all data sources.
Results
Australiawide insurance claims
There were 522 injury insurance claims from 2004 to 2013 by females for football-related injuries across Australia. Most claims (65%) were for lower limb injuries, involving joint damage (ie, ligament tears and dislocations) or muscle injuries (tears and strains) (12%; table 2). The category of ‘other’ lower limb injuries was also large (10%). Upper limb fractures (10%) and upper limb joint damage (8%) made up the remaining of the most frequent injuries. The most frequent specific claim was for knee ligament injuries, accounting for a total of 141 (27%) cases. No further detail on the type of ligament injury, for example, whether it was the anterior cruciate or medial ligament, was available.
Frequency and proportions of body injured region and injury type by different data sources Australia-wide
Victoria—hospital-treated cases
In Victoria, there were 500 hospital admissions relating to football injuries in females. Girls aged 15–19 years (31%) and 10–14 years (24%) comprised the largest proportion of injured cases. Hospital admissions most often involved the upper limb (47%) and the type of injury was reported most commonly as fractures (51%) or joint damage (21%).
Just over half (51%) of ED presentations involved the upper limb, of which 78% were wrist/hand injuries, 11% elbow/forearm and 11% shoulder/upper arm. The most frequent types of injuries treated at an ED were joint damage (47%) and fractures (25%).
Western Australia—league-reported cases
There were 49 injuries reported for 43 players (2 injuries were reported in 5 players and 3 injuries in 1 player) from 7 clubs. One-third of reported injuries (33%) were concussion. Joint damage comprised 27% of injuries, mainly involving the knee and ankle. Of the 49 injuries, 40% presented to hospital.
Discussion
This study was aimed at Stage 1 of the TRIPP framework to gain an understanding of injuries from existing data to shape future injury prevention research and practice for females playing AF.21 It is important to establish the nature of the injury problem in female AF, before the relevance of existing injury prevention measures that have been developed for the men's game can be questioned. Through an analysis of four existing data sets, capturing different expected injuries in terms of severity, a profile of the most common injuries reported and treated in female AF was developed for the first time. Across each data source, as expected there was variation in the types of injuries captured, reflecting the types of injuries presenting to each source: lower limb in the insurance data upper limb in hospital data and head injuries in the club data. Insurance claim injuries tend to be for lower limb joint damage as they are more costly to fix and therefore players pursue an injury claim while hospitals/EDs treat people immediately for upper limb fractures. Despite data sources tending to be biased toward specific injury types, these injuries are still important to consider in detail as they are reflective of cases that have a high individual health and economic burden.
Lower limb injuries
Lower limb joint injuries were within the top two body regions in all data sources. When looking into the narratives and detail of these injuries, where available, many were reported to be ligamentous injuries of the knee. The prevention of knee injuries in females is a well-known priority for all sports where jumping, landing, cutting and rapid change of direction is required.22 Because of the relatively serious outcomes associated with ACL injury, which often requires surgery and time off sport, these injuries have been extensively researched in team ball sports particularly in relation to gender-based risk factors including anatomical and biomechanical differences.23 While incidence rates of knee injury vary by sport, they are consistently higher in females than males.24–26 The increased risk varies by age, sport and whether players have exposure to a preventative training programme.27 It is likely that females who play AF will also have a higher risk of knee injuries than men, and specifically, a higher risk of ACL injury. Although research from other sports provides some insights towards knee injury prevention, specific research focused on females who play AF is recommended to confirm the mechanism behind these injuries. It is important to understand the mechanism of injury not only because of the apparent high number and burden of these injuries and also because strong evidence exists to support AF-specific injury prevention measures targeted at the player/sport, including rule changes28 or specific exercise training programmes.29–34
Upper limb injuries
Wrist, hand and finger injuries (including dislocations, fractures and sprains) appear to have a high treatment burden with half of all ED presentations being for upper limb injuries. This finding is supported by research in Ladies Gaelic football, a sport featuring many similarities to AF, where females have reported a relatively high proportion of finger fractures compared to other injuries.35–37 Limited information was available on the mechanism of this injury, with the hospital and ED data suggesting either ‘falls’ or ‘being hit/stuck/crushed’ as the underlying cause. This raises questions of whether players are hit/struck in a tackle situation or if players’ hands are incorrectly positioned when taking a mark (catching the ball) and are subsequently hit by the ball. Similarly, are players falling awkwardly on an outstretched arm when landing from a jump or being tackled? Little information on the cause or mechanism of upper limb injuries is available in the literature and they stand out as a target area for understanding of the mechanism of injury and how these injuries might be prevented.
Concussion
There was a very high proportion of concussion injuries in the WAWFL data (33%) and also a relatively high proportion from the hospital admissions (10%). In community men's AF, concussions generally represent 3–4% of all injuries.38–41 It is possible that the WAWFL data reflect recent efforts to promote awareness of the injury from the sport's peak body and a fear surrounding the injury outcomes driving greater reporting of the injury. However, a higher incidence of concussion has been reported for females, compared with males, in other team ball sports.12–16 Given the somewhat high proportions of apparent concussion in female AF, further insight to the number and mechanism of these injuries certainly warrants investigation. There is currently very limited information on mechanism of concussion in community AF for either males or females, so measures aimed at preventing the specific game-situations that lead to concussion cannot be suggested with confidence.41 Until specific information is known, female AF players and their coaches, should be encouraged to follow existing AFL concussion management guidelines.42 In addition, it might be useful for coaches, trainers and players to recognise concussion as a significant injury in females who play AF and that it may take longer for females to fully recover and return to play.
Limitations
This analysis of existing data sources provided a relatively quick and inexpensive method for gaining valuable novel insight to female injuries in AF. The hospital and insurance data sets were chosen on the basis of the authors’ prior experience with them. To supplement these, the club-based data were suggested by the AFL Women's League as the only club-based surveillance effort to date. While the efforts of the WAWFL to set up a prospective club-based injury collection are commendable, there appeared to be a tendency to report only the most severe of injuries or considered to be high-risk, given the high proportion of concussions. All injuries in the WAWFL were self-reported, with no confirmation of medical diagnosis. A reliance on club volunteers and limited medical resources can be challenging enough to a competition without the added burden of injury reporting, so incentives to participate and education on the importance of reporting all injuries might be required.43
The Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) and the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset are only available for one state (Victoria) and provide information only on the subset of more severe injuries that is, those requiring emergency and hospital management. Errors in coding and classification can occur and therein present either an overestimation or underestimation of injury frequency.44 For example, in the VAED, it is standard to recode ‘unspecified football’ codes to AF based on the assumption that it is the most common sport for the region. However, it is possible that these cases could include other football codes (soccer, touch football, rugby, etc), thereby providing an overestimate of admissions related to AF. In contrast, cases may not have been coded for activity at all, which can be the case in an ED setting, therein underestimating the injury frequency. Data are provided as aggregate results, meaning that while age groups are identified, they are not linked to specific injury types, just the number of events so more detailed analyses were not possible. However, the injuries in the hospital data sets were common in younger age groups and likely reflective of higher participation rates among youth participants. More broadly, the compiled data sets mainly covered injuries considered as acute or traumatic, that is, hospital and insurance data. Therefore, overuse or chronic-onset injuries may have been largely missed along with injuries that were managed at a community health level, for example by a general practitioner or physiotherapist.
While drawing on these existing data sources provides insight to injury types and body regions affected, the sources offer no data relating to player exposure to injury and therefore injury incidence rates were not able to be calculated. Similarly, the data are limited, in that it provided no detail on the severity of injury or the impact of the injury to players’ ongoing participation. Furthermore, the data limitations precluded us from making formal comparisons to injury data from other sports settings. These limitations support a need to implement an ongoing, prospective injury surveillance system in female AF across all levels of participation.
Conclusion
The data available to report are likely to underrepresent female AF participants and are unlikely to be completely accurate, yet, importantly they do provide a first indication that some of the risks for females, in terms of types of injury sustained, may be different in both magnitude and nature to those reported in the male form of the sport. These existing data sets provided some basic information about the key injuries in female AF, but it is very clear that there is an immediate need to undertake formal injury surveillance in this rapidly developing form of the game.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr Alex Donaldson for his work on the broader FootyWISE project and Jan Cooper, Female Football Development Manager, for her support of the project. The authors thank the Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit (VISU) at Monash University, JLT Sport (a division of Jardine Lloyd Thompson Pty Ltd), and the Western Australian Women’s Football League, for provision of data used in this study. ACRISP is one of the International Research Centres for the Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health supported by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
References
Footnotes
Twitter Follow Lauren Fortington at @lfortington and Caroline Finch @CarolineFinch
Contributors LVF and CFF designed the study, collected and analysed the data and prepared the manuscript for publication.
Funding The study was funded by the Australian Football League (AFL) Research Board. The AFL had no input to the conduct of the study or interpretation of results. Caroline Finch is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Principal Research Fellowship (ID1058737).
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval The project was approved by the Federation University Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number C15-001).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.